Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry (J. Trop. Pharm. Chem) Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry (p-ISSN: 2087-7099, e-ISSN: 2407-6090) is an international, open access (Indexed in SINTA 4 since 2016, and start from Volume 4 No. 4 2018 indexed in SINTA 3 (SK No. 10/E/KPT/2019) by Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education, Indonesia, GARUDA, DOAJ, Index Copernicus, Crossref, CiteFactor, PKP Index, BASE, Moraref, Google Scholar), journal dedicated to various disciplines of pharmaceutical and allied sciences. The journal had been established in 2010, and online publication was begun in 2014. Since 2018, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman (UNMUL), Samarinda, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry only receives manuscripts in English. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry is an international, open-access journal published every four months (March, July, and November), focusing on various disciplines in pharmaceutical and allied sciences. Journal History: Previously, the journal (http://https://jtpc.farmasi.unmul.ac.id) was managed using the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform under a domain hosted by a private third-party provider. In early 2024, the site was compromised due to a security breach, resulting in the loss of all data. Access to the domain could not be recovered, as it was fully controlled by the external provider and no local backups were available. To ensure improved security and sustainability, journal management was transferred to the official domain maintained by the ICT Center of Mulawarman University. The journal was re-established on a new OJS platform (https://jtpc.ff.unmul.ac.id) and is now fully managed by the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University
Review of Phytochemicals and Its Biological Activities and Contemporary Nutraceuticals
Nutraceutical is food for health with functions of preventive, promotive, rehabilitation, aesthetic, intelligence to curative. Nutraceuticals as food products can have a contemporary value, which is a trend or extraordinary circumstance that attracts consumers because of its function as a supplement, functional food, medical food, and genetically engineered food so that it penetrates the world market without limits. Nutraceuticals that are contemporary make it easy to achieve the goals of health care by using the "nutraceuticals" approach because the client wishes to himself with a high level of confidence in the benefits of the product for health and therefore uses it. Potential compound for nutraceuticals is secondary metabolites because it has multipotential for health, but specific to certain functions. Secondary metabolites, generally sourced from low plants and animals, because these biological groups do not have a perfect secretion system so that metabolites resulting from secondary metabolism are stored in cells and tissues properly, with several functions, among others, for defense and attractiveness of the biological. Some of the classes and compounds of plant secondary metabolites that are known to have potential for nutraceuticals are Terpenoids, Terpenoids non-Carotenoids, Polyphenolics, Phenolic Acids, Non-Flavonoid Polyphenolics, Glucosinolates, Thiosulphinates, Phytosterols, Anthraquinones, Glucosamines, Octacosanolines, Characticines, Chines) Pectin, Pigments, Tocotrienols and Tocopherols, Ubiquinon and ?-Lipoic Acid. Furthermore, some contemporary nutraceuticals are Spiruline, Broccoli, Aloe Vera Gel and Aloe Juice, Soyfoods, Omega-3- Fatty Acids, Pomegranate Juice, Walnuts, and Organic Mushroom Nutrace.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Toxicity Prediction of Bioactive β-Sitosterol from Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)
β-sitosterol is one of the major bioactive compounds found in Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) that has been widely studied for its potential therapeutic effects, particularly in prostate disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of β-sitosterol using an in silico approach through the ProTox-III platform. Toxicity predictions included organ toxicity and toxicity endpoints. The results showed that β-sitosterol was predicted to be inactive for hepatotoxicity (0.87), nephrotoxicity (0.89), and cardiotoxicity (0.85), indicating a low risk to major organs. Additionally, carcinogenicity (0.60), mutagenicity (0.98), cytotoxicity (0.94), and clinical toxicity (0.52) were also predicted to be inactive, suggesting a favorable safety profile. However, β-sitosterol demonstrated active predictions for neurotoxicity (0.54), respiratory toxicity (0.82), immunotoxicity (0.99), blood-brain barrier penetration (0.91), and nutritional toxicity (0.66), indicating potential risks that require further investigation. Overall, the findings suggest that β-sitosterol has a generally safe toxicity profile but may pose moderate risks in specific toxicity parameters. Further experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo studies is recommended to confirm these findings and support the safe therapeutic use of β-sitosterol.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuneka Saristiana, Muh. Deni Kurniawan, Fendy Prasetyawan, Ratna Mildawati, Lisa Savitri, Muhammad Nurul Fadel, Emma Jayanti Besan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potential Molecular Targets of α-Linolenic Acid from Green Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Through SwissTargetPrediction Analysis
α-Linolenic acid is an essential omega-3 fatty acid widely found in medicinal plants, including Portulaca oleracea, and is known for its diverse pharmacological activities. However, the molecular targets underlying its biological effects remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to predict the potential molecular targets of α-linolenic acid using an in silico approach. The molecular structure of α-linolenic acid was obtained in the form of SMILES from PubChem, followed by target prediction using SwissTargetPrediction. The analysis revealed several key targets, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARG, PPARD, and PPARA), fatty acid binding proteins (FABP4 and FABP3), free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), and cyclooxygenase-1 (PTGS1). These targets are primarily associated with lipid metabolism, glucose regulation, and inflammatory pathways. The results indicate that α-linolenic acid exhibits a multi-target mechanism of action, suggesting its potential as an antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective agent. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular basis of α-linolenic acid activity and highlights its potential for further development in pharmacological applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fendy Prasetyawan, M Wahyu Ariawan, Yuneka Saristiana, Novynanda Salmasfattah, Lisa Savitri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Sediaan Krim Sunscreen Ekstrak Daun Balangkasua (Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Lennh)
Balangkasua leaves (Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.) are known to contain secondary metabolites, particularlyphenolics and flavonoids, which have the potential to be used as active ingredients in natural sunscreens. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites inbalangkasua leaf extract. To determine the physical characteristics and stability of the balangkasua leaf extract sunscreen cream formulation. To determine the SPF value of balangkasua leavesand balangkasua leaf extract sunscreen cream. To determine whether thebalangkasua leaf extract sunscreen formulation is safe and acceptable tousers based on the results of irritation and hedonic tests. In the phytochemical screening test, balangkasua leaf extract contained alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The formulated sunscreen good physical stability, although in the fourth cycle there was a slightphase separation. The SPF values of balangkasua leaf extract at concentrations of 400 ppm, 600 ppm, and 800 ppm showed ultra protection of 20.21, 24.13, and 28.22, respectively. The SPF obtained from the three formulations of balangkasua leaf extract creamwere F1 15.37, F2 23.16, and F3 32.35, all of which fall into the “ultra” protection category. Based on the results of irritation, cream formulations demonstrated safe properties and were well-tolerated users.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sucitha uci, Abdul Rahim, Muh. Taufiqurrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation of Cream Extract Kratom Leaf (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) as Analgesic in Mice (Mus musculus)
Pain is an unpleasant sensation caused by tissue damage. One alternative pain management is the use of topical analgesics in the form of creams. Kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) are known to contain alkaloids that have analgesic potential. This study aims to formulate a cream preparation of kratom leaf extract and evaluate its physical characteristics and analgesic activity. The cream preparations were made in three variations of extract concentrations: 10%, 25%, and 50%. Physical quality evaluation showed that all formulas met the organoleptic requirements, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness with an oil-in-water emulsion type. The pH value of the preparation was in the range of 4.56–5.50, viscosity 4,266–24,766 cPs, spreadability 5.05–5.66 cm, and adhesiveness 4.64–22.91 seconds. Increasing the extract concentration caused a color change in the preparation from light brown to dark brown. Analgesic activity testing using the hot plate method showed that all formulas had analgesic activity indicated by an increase in the pain threshold after administration of the preparation. The percentage increase in the pain threshold in Formula I (10%) was 14.35%, Formula II (25%) was 17.17%, and Formula III (50%) was 20.68%, while the positive control (counterpain cream) was 33.07% and the negative control (cream base) was 0%. This study concluded that cream formulated with kratom leaf extract exhibited analgesic activity as evidenced by the increase in pain threshold in mice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amanda Nur Annafi, fajar prasetya, Abdul Rahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Glucopyranosyloxyphenylacetamide: ADMET and PASS Evaluation as a Prodrug Analog
This study investigates the manufacturing of glycoside-based derivatives of drugs, and their applications to produce injectable medications for colds and flu that alleviate problems with low solubility in water. Regarding these perspectives, this research was designed to prepare 4-o-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenylacetamide (7) through multistep synthesis, which was characterized through FT-IR spectra, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and melting point analysis, comparing it with the reported compound (8). ADMET and PASS of the synthesized compound were performed to assess the compounds' pharmacokinetics, toxicological profiles, and biological activities, i.e., low carcinogenicity, AOT category III, and antiviral potentiality etc.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Ansarul Islam, Mahbub Alam, Emranul Kabir, Md. Abdul Hai, Md. Mosharef Hossain Bhuiyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Study of Vitamin C Content in Rome Beauty Apples (Malus sylvestris Mill) with Several Processing Methods
Apples are known to contain antioxidants and vitamin C which play important roles in protecting the body from oxidative stress and degenerative diseases. However, vitamin C is sensitive to heat, light, and oxygen, which can lead to degradation during processing. This study aimed to compare the vitamin C content of Rome Beauty apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) in various processed forms commonly consumed by the public, including fresh apple, apple juice, cider, dodol, and apple chips. The research was conducted using a titrimetric method with 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol dye to determine vitamin C content. Five samples were analyzed in duplicate. The data were statistically tested using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests to evaluate differences among samples. The vitamin C content ranged from 2.85 to 12.36 mg/100 g. The highest content was found in fresh apples (12.36 mg/100 g), followed by apple juice (6.41 mg/100 g), apple extract (5.23 mg/100 g), apple dodol (2.85 mg/100 g), and apple chips (2.85 mg/100 g). Statistical analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among the samples, particularly between fresh or juiced apples and processed forms such as dodol and chips. Processing significantly reduces the vitamin C content of Rome Beauty apples. Heat treatment, oxidation, and exposure to air during processing are the major factors contributing to vitamin C loss. Therefore, consuming fresh apples provides the greatest nutritional benefit in terms of vitamin C intake.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leny Eka Tyas Wahyuni, Leily Amalia Furkon, Erri Larene Safika, Nur Rezky Khairun Nisaa, Putri Anggreini, Raisa Fadilla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant Activity Test of Pine Leaf Herbal Tea (Pinus merkusii) with Addition of Stevia Leaves (Stevia rebaudiana) as a Natural Sweetener Using DPPH Method
Free radicals contribute significantly to the development of various diseases, making antioxidant intake essential for maintaining health. Plants such as pine needles and stevia leaves are known to be rich sources of natural antioxidants. This study aimed to develop a combined herbal tea from pine and stevia leaves at three formulation ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) and to evaluate its antioxidant activity using the DPPH radical scavenging method, with quercetin as a reference compound. The research involved simplicia preparation and characterization, herbal tea formulation, quality evaluation, and antioxidant activity assessment. Pine and stevia leaf simplicia met quality requirements, with acceptable moisture content, extractive values, and ash parameters. The formulated herbal tea also complied with quality standards. Antioxidant testing showed IC₅₀ values of 50.51 ppm for pine leaf tea and 61.60 ppm for stevia leaf tea. In contrast, the combined formulations exhibited significantly lower IC₅₀ values of 30.57 ppm (1:1), 39.18 ppm (1:2), and 25.13 ppm (2:1), indicating enhanced antioxidant activity. All combined formulations were classified as having very strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ < 50 ppm), demonstrating that pine–stevia herbal tea has strong free-radical scavenging capacity and promising potential as a functional herbal product.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Andry, Wulan Purnama, Nia Novranda Pertiwi, Muhammad Amin Nasution (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lifestyle Interventions for Blood Pressure Control: A Narrative Review of Global Evidence and Indonesian Perspectives
Hypertension remains a major global public health concern with a steadily rising prevalence, including in Indonesia. Global estimates indicate that over 30% of the adult population is affected, while in Indonesia the prevalence ranges between 34–36%. This narrative review synthesizes findings from 35 scientific articles published within the last decade, examining the relationship between lifestyle factors and blood pressure control. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and Garuda databases. The results demonstrate that high sodium intake, physical inactivity, obesity, psychosocial stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are major determinants of elevated blood pressure. Lifestyle modifications encompassing the DASH dietary pattern, sodium restriction, regular physical activity, weight management, and stress reduction have been shown to significantly lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Comprehensive strategies integrating lifestyle modification, healthcare optimization, and sustained patient education are essential for effective hypertension control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hery Kurniawan, Avril Bella Audyna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Fractions of Bay Leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp.) Using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Method
Free radicals contribute to oxidative stress and chronic diseases, driving interest in natural antioxidants. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) ethanol extract and its dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. Extraction used 70% ethanol maceration, followed by liquid-liquid fractionation. Antioxidant capacity was assessed via the DPPH radical scavenging assay at various concentrations (50–200 ppm), with results expressed as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values. Phytochemical screening was also performed. The ethanol extract exhibited the strongest activity (IC₅₀ = 47.89 ppm, classified as very strong), followed by the dichloromethane fraction (IC₅₀ = 73.88 ppm, strong), while the ethyl acetate fraction showed weak activity (IC₅₀ = 326.60 ppm). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, with distribution varying across fractions. Statistical analysis of inhibition percentages showed no significant difference (p > 0.05), likely due to limited replicates, but the IC₅₀ trend clearly indicates superior radical scavenging by the polar constituents of the crude ethanol extract
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Firman, Andi Tenri Nurwahidah, Fiki Ita’ul Badiyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Nutrition and In Vitro Digestibility of Leersia hexandra Swartz as a Feed Source for Beef Cattle in the Cattle Corporation Village
This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber in Leersia hexandra as a feed option for beef cattle in the Cattle Corporation Village, located in the Babulu Subdistrict, Penajam Paser Utara Regency. Conducted from November 2024 to April 2025, the research employed a survey method with direct observation to evaluate natural grazing pasture conditions. The research locations were selected through purposive sampling, involving five farmer groups that represent the grazing ecosystem characteristics in the area. The study analyzed parameters such as forage nutrient content, biomass productivity, land carrying capacity, and in vitro digestibility to gauge the feed utilization efficiency. The findings revealed that Leersia hexandra Swartz comprised 86.532% dry matter, 13.468% moisture, 10.296% ash, 3.702% crude fat, 28.962% crude fiber, and 7.330% crude protein. The average digestibility rates were 48.834% for dry matter, 50.400% for organic matter, 77.040% for crude fiber, and 84.664% for crude protein. The substantial chemical composition and digestibility indicate that Leersia hexandra Swartz (kolomento) can sufficiently supply energy and protein to fulfill the nutritional requirements of beef cattle. These results highlight the potential of Leersia hexandra Swartz as an excellent local forage, well-suited to humid tropical climates and ideal for sustainable feed systems in the Cattle Corporation Village.
carrying capacity; digestibility; Leersia hexandra Swartz; feed, beef cattle
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamdi Mayulu, Dewi Eka Nur Anisa, Taufan Purwakusumaning Daru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation of Chia Seed Oil (Salvia hispanica) Nanoemulgel as An Antioxidant
Chia seed oil (Salvia hispanica) contains bioactive compounds, including tocopherols and phenolics, which exhibit antioxidant properties against free radicals. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of chia seed oil, determine the optimal nanoemulsion formulation based on physical characteristics and antioxidant activity, and develop a nanoemulgel preparation. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH method. Nanoemulsion optimization was performed by varying concentrations of the surfactant Cremophor RH 40 and cosurfactant PEG 400. The best formulation (Formula 1) consisted of Cremophor RH 40 (80%), PEG 400 (10%), and chia seed oil (5%). The selected nanoemulsion was incorporated into a nanoemulgel containing 30% nanoemulsion and 70% gel base composed of Carbopol (0.5%), DMDM hydantoin (0.5%), and propylene glycol (5%). The nanoemulgel was evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, viscosity, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, emulsion type, stability, and antioxidant activity. Results demonstrated that the formulation possessed good and stable physical characteristics, with strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 22.10 ppm). These findings indicate its potential for development as a natural-based pharmaceutical and cosmetic product.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulhaerana Bahar, Chatrian Dienta, Onny Ziasti Fricilli, Hanggara Arifian, Viriyanata Wijaya, Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Test Of Anti-Acne Activity In Gel Peel Off Mask Preparation Of Papaya Leaf (Carica Papaya L.) Extract On Rabbit Backs Induced With Propionibacterium Acnes Bacteria
Acne involves inflammation and Propionibacterium acnes infection. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaves, containing antibacterial karpain alkaloids and anti-inflammatory flavonoids, offer potential treatment. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate papaya leaf extract peel-off gel masks for anti-acne efficacy on P. acnes-induced rabbits. Extracts were obtained via maceration using 96% ethanol. Formulations containing 5%, 10%, and 15% extract were compared against clindamycin (positive control) and a negative control. Evaluations included physical quality (organoleptic, pH, viscosity, drying time, spreadability, adhesion), irritation, and antibacterial efficacy tests. Results indicated the 15% formulation was optimal, demonstrating homogeneity, pH 5-6, spreadability of 5 cm, drying time of 17 minutes, viscosity of 3167 cps, and adhesion of 6.22 seconds, without causing irritation. In vivo observations confirmed that the 15% concentration effectively accelerated acne healing and dried pus. Thus, papaya leaf extract peel-off masks exhibit significant anti-acne activity.
(Carica papaya L.), anti-acne, propionibacterium acnes
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Wahyu Ariawan, Windu Aria Renita, Muh. Deni Kurniawan, Fendy Prasetyawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Proximate and Iron (Fe) Analysis of Moringa Leaf Simplicia (Moringa oleifera Lam.) under Different Drying Temperatures
Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a plant rich in nutrients, including protein, iron, and vitamin C. Moringa leaves have a higher iron content than other plants and a vitamin C content that can increase iron absorption in the body. The drying temperature of herbal medicine can affect the levels of certain substances or compounds contained therein. This study aims to determine the results of proximate analysis and iron content in moringa leaf simplisia based on variations in drying temperature using the ICP-MS method, namely at temperatures of 45oC, 50oC, and 55oC. The objects of this study are the drying shrinkage, total ash content, and iron content of moringa leaf simplisia with variations in drying temperature. The research stages included plant identification, simplisia preparation, determination of drying shrinkage, total ash content test, qualitative Fe analysis, and iron content analysis.. The results showed that the drying shrinkage test of moringa leaf simplisia at all temperatures met the requirement of <10%. The highest total ash content was found at 50°C at 11.91%, and the highest Fe content was obtained at 55°C at 2.0226 mg/L. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in drying shrinkage at a significance level of 0.05, total ash content at 0.046, and iron content at 0.027.
Copyright (c) 2026 siti jubaidah, Atika Ramadhaniah, Risa Supriningrum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adsorptive Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand Using Eggshells and Tea Waste Entrapped in Calcium Alginate
This study aims to assess the efficiency of two agricultural wastes as biosorbents to remove the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from a batik wastewater sample. COD-containing batik wastewater was treated with a combination of biosorbents by eggshells and tea waste activated using H?SO? and then immobilized in calcium alginate through the entrapment technique. The contact time, pH, and biosorbent dose were all investigated to examine the efficiency of biosorbent to remove COD. The independent variables for the optimization process are the contact time (47.13, 50, 60, 70, and 72.87 min), pH of the samples (1.71, 2,3, 4, and 4.28), and the ratio of the number of biosorbent between eggshells: tea waste (2.67:12.33, 3.75:11.25, 7.5:7.5, 11.25:3.75, and 12.33:2.67). The Characterization of the biosorbents was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The results show that eggshells and tea waste immobilized by calcium alginate with a ratio of 2.67 g: 12.33 g, a contact time of 60 min, and a sample pH of 3 are 89% effective in removing the COD in batik wastewater samples.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulaikhah Fatmawati, Vita Paramita, Hermawan Dwi Ariyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Drinking Water in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The issue of water quality is becoming ever more serious as freshwater resources are severely degraded across the world. Water quality in rivers, streams, lakes, and subterranean aquifers is deteriorating, posing a threat to human life and ecological sustainability. A proper study of the physico-chemical properties of the water samples give us insight into the quality of life in a specific region, as poor water quality not only affects the aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem as well. In the present study, 30 different water samples were collected from different regions of district Mardan and they were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties such as pH, total suspended solids, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrates concentration, sulphates concentration, chlorides concentration, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results of the analysis show that most of the parameters have significantly higher values than the WHO permissible limits. From the analysis of water samples, the researchers have been able to designate the study area with poor water quality and to propose future advice for sustaining the water quality in the region.
Copyright (c) 2022 Sayed Suliman Shah, Dawood Shah, Mujahid Islam, Wajahat Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
HPLC-HRESI-MSn Characterization of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Stem Bark of Chlorophora regia A. Chev (Moraceae)
Isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants could be tedious and time consuming. Therefore, any technique that could be used to confirm the identity of medicinal plant constituents without isolating them will save time and resources. Chlorophora similar to many genera in the Moraceae family have been demonstrated to be rich sources of polyphenolic compounds with important biological activities. The current study was designed to employ HRESI-MSn analyses to qualitatively examine isolated polyphenolic compounds from the stem bark of Chlorophora regia. Based on the HRESI-MSn data obtained, the fragmentation patterns of the compounds under study will be proposed and could be used in their identification in a matrix. Five polyphenolic compounds were successfully isolated and purified using various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by in-depth analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. HRESI-MS/MS was further used to characterize the isolated compounds. Five polyphenolic compounds including three Diels-Alder type adducts: sanggenon C, kuwanol E and chalcomoracin; two stilbene derivatives: chlorophorin and isochlorophorin were isolated from the stem bark. The tandem MS fragmentation patterns of the compounds in positive mode, were successfully proposed. The fragments obtained and proposed fragmentation patterns of the isolated compounds could be employed qualitatively in the identification of the studied polyphenolic compounds in a matrix.
Copyright (c) 2022 James Oppong-Kyekyeku, Samuel Oppong Bekoe, Edmund Ekuadzi, John Nii Adotey Addotey, Samuel Asare-Nkansah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical Parameters and Purification of Pulp Effluent (Black Liquor)
Pulp and paper Industry poses a great significant problem in Environmental pollution and they consume high energy, water and resources. The present study was undertaken to purify pulp effluent (black liquor) using sand bed filters and adsorption method (Activated Carbon). The physicochemical parameters carried out were pH, colour, temperature, turbidity, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS) and total dissolved solids (TDS) using standard methods by American Public Health Association (APHA). The results obtained for black liquor and treated effluent were; colour (dark brown), pH (11.59 & 9.14), temperature (31 & 30 ), turbidity (1.78 &0.77 NTU), TA (10,000mg/L & 300mg/L), TH (325 mg/L & 220 mg/L), COD (2663 mg/L & 174.85 mg/L), TSS (0.09 mg/L & 0.00 mg/L), TS (0.9 mg/L & 0.17 mg/L), TDS (1354 mg/L) respectively. Highly significant differences were found between the effluent and treated water. The results indicated that pulp and paper Industrial effluents are highly polluted and can be toxic or harmful to human beings when released into water bodies without being treated.
Copyright (c) 2022 Oluwatosin Shokunbi, R.O Omenka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Kitosan-Tripolifosfat (TPP)
Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.) ethanol extract had been known to have excellent antioxidant activity that has the potential to be developed into a nanoparticle delivery systems. This study aims to determine the effect of varying concentrations of chitosan - tripolyphosphate (TPP) to the physical characteristics of nanoparticles. Bawang dayak extract formulated in the form of nanoparticles with an ionic gelation method and and using polymers chitosan - tripolyphospate varying concentration as 0.5% : 0.5% (F1), 0.75% : 0.5% (F2), and 1% : 0.5% (F3). The measured parameters were determinating particle size and polydispersity index using particle size analyzer, observation of particle morph using scanning electron microscopy, measurement of entrapment efficiency and dissolution in vitro. The result showed that the average size of nanoparticle F1, F2, and F3 respectively is 256.30 nm, 376 nm and 419.18 nm with entrapment efficiency respectively is 69.54% (F1), 77.51% (F2) and 79.79% (F3) with a relatively homogenous size distribution and entrapment efficiencies respectively is 69.54%, 77.51% and 79.79%. Observation of morphology of the nanoparticles shows the particle shape is almost sphere (spherical) with a rough surface. The profile of drug release from the nanoparticles F1, F2, and F3 in 8 hours respectively is 71.19% (F1), 74.97% (F2) and 80.55% (F3). Based on this study, it was concluded that the etanol extract of bawang dayak can be formulated into nanoparticles with different physical characteristics based on the ratio of polymer chitosan and tripolyphosphate used.
Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.)
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Ekstraksi Gelatin dari Kaki Ayam Broiler Melalui Berbagai Larutan Asam dan Basa dengan Variasi Lama Perendaman
Gelatin is a biopolymer that can be obtained from partially hydrolysis of collagen present in skin, bone, and connective tissues of animals This study used chicken Broiler feet as a source of collagen. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soaking treatment with solution of acid and base, and with variety of soaking time. The solution used is HCl, CH3COOH, and NaOH with different concentration. The process of soaking followed by extraction, filtration, and drying to obtain a sheet of gelatin. Gelatin was analyzed qualitatively with chemical reaction. The best results of yield can be obtained from various methods of soaking given by HCl 2% for 2 days, CH3COOH 2% for 3 days, and NaOH 2% for 1 day.
Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Ulquts Al Hindi (Sasereus sp) has Candidate Covid-19 drug Through Regulation of Cytokines Produced by the Innate Immune System
SARS-COV-2 virus is a new coronavirus variant that causes the severe acute respiratory syndrome. COVID-19 can cause abnormalities in various organs. It is due to increased levels of cytokines causing a cytokine storm. Cytokine storms occur due to an increase in the innate immune system to eliminate infectious agents. Activation of the production of inflammatory mediators causes pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial fluid infiltration, and impermeability in blood vessels. Qutshul al Hindi, or in Latin called Sausurea sp contains anti-inflammatory activity. However, the study about the definite benefit of bioactive in this plant against COVID-19 and their mechanism, especially to the immune system, needs more explanation. Therefore, this review discusses their mechanism against COVID-19 by activating immune cells. In the literature research, we approach the studies that examine the secondary metabolite of Qutshul al Hindi that is effective in activating and enhancing the immune response against covid 19. Our literature review shows that qutshul al Hindi (Sausurea sp) has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting expression and activity of cytokine proinflammation induced by the innate immune system. So that this plant is a promising herb as a therapeutic candidate for covid-19 by regulating the immune system to produce and activate cytokine pro-inflammatory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noviyanty Indjar Gama, Hajrah Hajrah, Helmi Helmi, Ysrafil Ysrafil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Preparation of Cu Nanoparticles with Bioreductor of Red Dragon Fruit Peel Extract: Visible Spectroscopy Properties
Copper nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using the green synthesis method by utilizing red dragon fruit peel extract as a bioreductor. Red dragon fruit peel contains secondary metabolites that can reduce Cu2+ ions to Cu0. Physically, the formation of copper nanoparticles is indicated by a color change from light blue to green. In addition, the success of copper nanoparticles of red dragon fruit peel extract can be analyzed using a Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The measurements using a Visible spectrophotometer showed the formation of copper nanoparticles at absorption peaks in the wavelength range of 400-450 nm. The stability of copper nanoparticles can be determined through the SPR peak absorption for 30 minutes, which shows that copper nanoparticles have good stability and have an estimated particle range of 46.43-92.93 nm, with a band gap value of 2.45 eV. The results of the FTIR spectrum on copper nanoparticles-red dragon fruit peel extract show a shift in the absorption peak of the wave number 3412.07 cm-1 to a wave number of 3439.07 cm-1 indicating a reduction of Cu2+to Cu0.
Copper Nanoparticles, Red Dragon Fruit Peel Extract, Visible Spectroscopy.
Copyright (c) 2024 La Ode Ahmad Nur Ramadhan, Siti Linda Cahayani Fanihu, Abdul Haris Watoni, Rijal Rijal, Nur Sofa Camelia Santoso, Wa Ode Nasyarah Rafiqa, Cindy Agriningsih Haruna, Zainal Syam Arifin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation of Silver Nanoparticle Mouthwash and Testing of Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus
Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP) are silver particles of no more than 100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial characteristics and have been applied to various fields as antibacterial agents. This study aims to formulate and examine the antibacterial activity in preparing silver nanoparticle mouthwash on Staphylococcus aureus. The silver nanoparticles are synthesized using a chemical reduction method, of which the wavelength is then characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the PSA instrument is used for particle size. Silver nanoparticles are formulated for a mouthwash with various concentrations such as 0%, 60%, 70%, and 80% consecutively as formula 1, 2, 3, and 4. The observation is then performed on the organoleptic, pH, stability, and bacterial activity of the Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion method. The study results indicate that the preparation of silver nanoparticle mouthwash has a good organoleptic; the average pH of formula 1, 2, 3, and 4 consecutively is 3.40, 3.40, 3.46, and 3.54; however, it is not stable during the storage stage. The result of the antibacterial activity test on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria shows that formula 2 has the most oversized average inhibition zone diameter that is 13.14±0.31 mm compared to formulas 1, 3, and 4, namely 5.20±0.44; 12.40±0.74; and 8.40±0.89 mm. The active formula of mouthwash preparation to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is formula 2.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahmi Annisa, Begum Fauziyah, Dewi Sinta Megawati, Firdausi Zahrah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Healthcare Students on Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance: A Study in Central University, Ghana
Students undergoing programmes in healthcare will play an important role in the management of antibiotic resistance which is still a global problem. Their knowledge and attitude should be adequately documented. This study is carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among healthcare students in Central University, Ghana. In this study, 1027 students offering courses in pharmacy, nursing and physician assistantship participated in a survey to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes and perception on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. Data obtained was analyzed using STATA statistics DATA analysis software version 12.0. Descriptive statistics and chi-squared test was employed. Students displayed very good knowledge of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance with students studying physician assistantship and nursing showing greater knowledge. The attitude of the respondents on the use of antibiotics was slightly above average. There was a significant difference (p = 0.029) between students’ programme of study and how they obtained their last course of antibiotics. Students displayed average knowledge on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance but there is a need for more education to improve their perception and attitudes in order to contribute towards curbing the global problem of antibiotic resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peace Doe, Cynthia Amaning Danquah, Kwasi Adomako Ohemeng, Gloria Awo Mashood, Jorindel Sepenoo, Kwame Ohene Buabeng, Michael Ofori (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Solvent Concentration Against Specific and Non Specific Parameters of Standardization: Ethanolic Extract of Papaya Seed (Carica papaya Linn.)
Papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) can be used as traditional medicine. The parts of the plant commonly used as medicine are the seeds and leaves. Assurance of the quality of the extract obtained needs to be carried out by testing specific and non-specific parameters. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration on specific parameters (organoleptic, phytochemical screening, and total phenolic content) and non-specific parameters (moisture content, ash content, and specific gravity) of papaya seed extract (Carica papaya L.). This type of laboratory experimental qualitative research was done to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration (70% and 95%) on specific and non-specific parameters. Specific and non-specific parameter testing is based on work procedures listed in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The results of testing the specific parameters on organoleptics showed no difference in the extract obtained, which was viscous and dark brown in color with a characteristic odor. Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, 70% ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. However, the 95% ethanol extract was only positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The phenolic content test of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol extracts was 4.31 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g and 2.69 ± 0.41 mg GAE/g, respectively (Sig 0.022 < 0.05). Extract non-specific parameter test results. The ash content test for 70% and 95% ethanol extracts was 9.5% ± 0.21% w/w and 8.5% ± 0.06% w/w (Sig 0.043 < 0.05). The respective water contents were 8.7 ± 0.11% w/w and 9.7 ± 0.26% w/w (Sig 0.046 < 0.05). The specific gravity of each obtained was 0.88 ± 0.006 % g/ml and 0.75 ± 0.006% g/ml (Sig 0.043 < 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that the concentrations of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol in papaya seed ethanol extract have an effect on specific parameters, namely the measurement of total phenolic content. While the non-specific parameters affect the water content, total ash content, and specific gravity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reza Wilorianza, Emelda Emelda , Muhammad Abdurrahman Munir, Annisa Fatmawati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation and Cytotoxic Activity Test of Alkaloids from Dichloromethane Fraction of Bark of Tampa Badak (Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe) Against T47D Cell Line
Cancer is a problem in the health sector because this disease has an increasing incidence of morbidity and mortality. While the treatment still leaves some drug side effects, which cause discomfort for cancers sufferers. The arises because most cancer drugs work non-selectively. Because of some of the problems above, it is necessary to encourage the search for alternative drugs treatment of cancer. Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe (Apocynaceae) is a species of plant from the genus Voacanga known as the tampa badak from West Sumatra. This plant is known to be source of indole alkaloids and also bis-indole alkaloids potential as cancer drugs. Therefore, in this study we are interested to explore the potency of this plant as natural product sources with potential cytotoxic activity. The study was started from the isolation process and continued by characterization of the isolated compounds and then testing their cytotoxic activity T47D breast cancer cell line. The isolation process of alkaloid compounds were performed by acid-base extraction, liquid-liquid fractionation, and followed by separation using column chromatography. Then,the potency of cytotoxic activity of the isolates were screened through Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method and evaluated by MTT assay. The structure of three isolated alkaloids (VFB-DB1.1; VFB-DB2.1; and VFB-DB2.2) were charachterized using spectroscopic analyses, including UV and FT-IR. One isolated compound (VFB-DB1.1) was also characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Based on the similarity of 1H NMR spectra of isolated compound when compared with the literature, compound VFB-DB1.1 was identified as voacangine. Then, the BSLT and MTT assay result showed that VFB-DB1.1 exhibited LC50 value of 15.8 µg/mL againt Artemia salina L.and IC50 value of 8.9 µg/mL against T47D breast cancer cells, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adriani Susanty, Nurdina Putri, Ihsan Ikhtiarudin, Novia Sinata, Dira Dira, Fatma Sri Wahyuni, Dachriyanus Dachriyanus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Education on Knowledge and Attitude Level Related to Vitamin D in Pharmacy Students
Indonesia is a country located in the tropics with sun exposure throughout the season. Sun exposure is the best source of vitamin D and there have been no cases of vitamin D intoxication due to excessive sun exposure. Pharmacy students tend to lack knowledge of vitamin D. Changes in lifestyle and modernization lead to high use of sunscreens which can lead to a decrease in the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. This research was conducted to determine the differences in knowledge and attitudes towards sun exposure using cross sectional method on 100 first semester pharmacy students and 100 final semester students. Test differences in aspects of knowledge and attitudes using odds ratios. The results of the knowledge aspect odds ratio test are 1,000 and the attitude aspect odds ratio test results were 0.583 so that it can be concluded that both knowledge and attitudes towards sun exposure have the same risk tendency for first semester and final semester pharmacy students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amelia Lorensia, Rifaatul Laila Mahmudah, Matina Naim, Dian Natasya Raharjo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Test of Antidiabetic Effect of Taro Leaf Extract (Colocasia esculenta L.) on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder defined as chronic hyperglycemia. In addition to the symptoms associated with hyperglycemia itself such as thirst, polyuria and weight loss, it can also cause acute hyperglycemia emergencies that are potentially life threatening. One of the traditional plants that has potential as an antidiabetic drug is the taro plant (Colocasia esculenta L) because it contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols which are known to have antidiabetic effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness and what dose of Taro Leaf Extract gives the best effect of reducing blood glucose levels in zebrafish. This study used zebrafish (Danio rerio) induced with alloxan and glucose to raise blood glucose levels. The 20 test animals used were divided into 6 groups, namely group 1 without treatment (normal), group 2 control (-) alloxan induction 0.1% + glucose 1%, group 3 control (+) metformin, group 4 taro leaf extract 200 mg, group 5 taro leaf extract 300 mg, group 6 taro leaf extract 400 mg. Then glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Data analysis was carried out statistical tests. The results showed that a dose of 400 mg/2L had the ability to reduce blood glucose levels that were not significantly different from normal zebrafish glucose levels.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adelia Nurrochifah, Hendra Stevani, Ratnasari Dewi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of N-Hexane Fraction of Libo Fruit based Emulgel for Sunscreen
Libo fruit (Ficus variegata Blume) has activity as a sunscreen. Topical form of certain pharmaceuticals can be used to protect the skin from sun exposure. This study aims to determine the best gel-emulsion formula from the libo’s N-Hexane fraction, its stability, and its sunscreen activity. The formula was consist gelling agents variations type and concentration, i.e. carbopol 940 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The best formula were chosen based on physicochemical characteristics. the freeze-thaw test deployed to check the stability, and the sunscreen activity was tested using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the best formula was formula 1 with carbopol 940 (1%), there were no changes in physicochemical characteristics during the stability test, and experienced a decrease in sunscreen activity after the stability test.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuni Dwi Anjarwati, Lisna Meylina, Rolan Rusli (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Combination of Dark Chocolate and Herbal Ingredients for Dysmenorrhea in Late Adolescents
About 55% of women experience dysmenorrhea. One of the foods that can reduce menstrual pain is dark chocolate. Other herbal ingredients such as turmeric, red ginger, moringa, sambiloto, and honey are also known to reduce pain. However, research on combination of dark chocolate with herbal ingredients has not been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of dark chocolate with herbs in reducing menstrual pain. This test was conducted on 30 respondents who were divided into three groups, namely the positive control group (K), dark chocolate (C), and a combination of dark chocolate with herbs (C+H). Dark chocolate was combined with herbal ingredients consisting of turmeric, red ginger, moringa, sambiloto extract, and honey as a beverage 250 mL. The study is quantitative research with quasi-experimental method. Pain measurement using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) sheet was given before and 2 hours after treatment. The data was analyzed using paired t-test. State the results of the values obtained the combination of dark chocolate and herbs showed a significant reduction in pain before and after treatment (p<0.05). Based on these results, it was concluded that the combination of dark chocolate with herbs could be one of the therapies for dysmenorrhea.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rika Nurlaili Putri Azizah, Putri Anggreini, Fajar Prasetya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0