Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry (J. Trop. Pharm. Chem) Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry (p-ISSN: 2087-7099, e-ISSN: 2407-6090) is an international, open access (Indexed in SINTA 4 since 2016, and start from Volume 4 No. 4 2018 indexed in SINTA 3 (SK No. 10/E/KPT/2019) by Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education, Indonesia, GARUDA, DOAJ, Index Copernicus, Crossref, CiteFactor, PKP Index, BASE, Moraref, Google Scholar), journal dedicated to various disciplines of pharmaceutical and allied sciences. The journal had been established in 2010, and online publication was begun in 2014. Since 2018, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman (UNMUL), Samarinda, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry only receives manuscripts in English. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry is an international, open-access journal published every four months (March, July, and November), focusing on various disciplines in pharmaceutical and allied sciences. Journal History: Previously, the journal (http://https://jtpc.farmasi.unmul.ac.id) was managed using the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform under a domain hosted by a private third-party provider. In early 2024, the site was compromised due to a security breach, resulting in the loss of all data. Access to the domain could not be recovered, as it was fully controlled by the external provider and no local backups were available. To ensure improved security and sustainability, journal management was transferred to the official domain maintained by the ICT Center of Mulawarman University. The journal was re-established on a new OJS platform (https://jtpc.ff.unmul.ac.id) and is now fully managed by the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University
Formulation And Evaluation Of Poly Herbal Nutraceutical Gummies For Diabetes
In this study due to the Changes in human lifestyle can have a profound impact on health, leading to a range of disorders. Poor diet, insufficient exercise, smoking, and excessive drinking are associated with chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and some types of cancer. Nutraceuticals, which blend nutrition with pharmaceuticals, are foods or food components that are vital in altering and sustaining normal physiological functions crucial for human health. The growth of the global nutraceutical market is primarily driven by current demographic and health trends. Nutraceuticals sourced from both plants and animals present promising opportunities for the food industry to develop innovative food products in the future. In this study, we created nutraceutical gummies designed to address diabetes. These gummies were crafted using four plants known for their antidiabetic effects: panner Doda, star fruit, noni fruit, and the insulin plant.
Copyright (c) 2025 siva sankara vara prasad inakoti, vijay kumar kola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of a Spirulina-Infused Patch for Oil Control in the T-Zone of face: A Novel Approach to Skin Care.
The objective of this research was to develop a spirulina-based patch aimed at regulating sebum production and improving skin health, specifically targeting oiliness in the T-zone region. Spirulina, a blue-green algae rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobial compounds, and sebum-regulating properties, was selected as the principal active ingredient. The experimental approach involved optimizing a patch formulation for adequate adhesion, flexibility, sustained release of active components, and enhanced oil absorption. Characterization studies were conducted to evaluate mechanical strength, surface pH, moisture retention, elasticity, and user comfort. In vitro studies confirmed the patch’s effectiveness in reducing sebum levels without causing irritation or excessive dryness. Preliminary user trials demonstrated a visible reduction in T-zone oiliness and improvements in skin texture and appearance. The developed patch offers a natural, sustainable, and user-friendly alternative to conventional oil-control products. It provides targeted delivery, minimizes the risk of skin barrier disruption, and enhances skincare efficacy. Further research will focus on long-term performance evaluation and formulation refinements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Minal Narkhede, Yatin Nachan, Sakshi Pande (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation Of a Transdermal Patch Containing Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Extract As An Antioxidant Agent
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an indigenous Indonesian plant known not only as a food source but also for its high antioxidant content. This study aimed to develop a transdermal patch containing C. cajan extract and evaluate its physical properties and antioxidant activity. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol and incorporated into patch formulations with varying concentrations of HPMC (10–20%) and PVP (10–20%). The optimal physical characteristics were observed in the formulation containing 20% HPMC and 10% PVP (F1). This base was then combined with the extract at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, followed by antioxidant testing using the DPPH method. Results showed increased antioxidant activity with higher extract concentrations, with IC₅₀ values of F1: 160.87 ppm (weak), F2: 137.09 ppm (moderate), and F3: 96.17 ppm (strong). Formula 3 demonstrated the best performance, combining good physical properties with strong antioxidant activity.
Muhammad Taufiqurrahman Muhammad Taufiqurrahman
Copyright (c) 2025 mayang chairunnisa mayang chairunnisa, Abdul Rahim, M. Farm., Muhammad Taufiqurrahman Muhammad Taufiqurrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Liquid Lipstick Containing Natural Dyes from Kepok Banana Flower Peel Extract (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Study on Its Stability
Liquid lipstick is a decorative cosmetic preparation used to add color to the lips. This study aims to determine alternative colorants derived from natural ingredients. The peel of kepok banana flower (Musa paradisiaca L.) which contains anthocyanins can serve as a natural dye, as evidenced by the total anthocyanin content test using the differential pH method, yielding 35.958 mg/L. Three formulations were developed using varying concentrations of kepok banana flower peel extract: F1 (5%), F2 (7.5%), and F3 (10%). The formulations underwent six freeze-thaw (-21°C and 25°C) and cycling (4°C and 40°C) stability cycles, with evaluations of organoleptic properties, viscosity, pH, and spreadability after each cycle. All formulations showed good physical stability which are semi-solid texture, rose scent, homogeneity, brown color, and acceptable spreadability, viscosity, pH, and non-irritant effects. Preference testing with 30 panelists identified F2 as the most favored.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rayina Nova Dafitri, Venna Sinthary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Characteristic Test of Handbody Lotion Preparation of Pucuk Merah Leaf Extract (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) as An Antioxidant
Lotions made from natural ingredients are increasingly favored by the public, primarily due to the addition of active compounds that are functional for the skin, such as antioxidants. Antioxidants play an important role in maintaining health by improving skin texture. One potential source of natural antioxidants is the pucuk merah leaf (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.), which is known to contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to determine the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of pucuk merah leaf extract lotion with varying extract concentrations: F1 (0.5%), F2 (2.5%), and F3 (12.5%). The results showed that all formulas met the standards for a good lotion based on organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability, and emulsion type. Formula 1 was identified as the best formulation based on its organoleptic properties, showing a better dosage form compared to the other formulas. The antioxidant activity was classified as very strong, with IC50 values for each formula being 49.609 ppm (F1), 47.202 ppm (F2), and 35.809 ppm (F3). The antioxidant activity of each formula increased with higher extract concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widiana Yudistianik, Venna Sinthary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant Test of Ethanol Extract of Purple Passion Fruit Leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims var edulis) from Tenggarong City, Kutai Kartanegara Regency
Antioxidants are compounds that have the ability to reduce free radicals. Antioxidants are obtained from secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. One of the plants that contain flavonoids is purple passion fruit leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims var edulis). This study aims to determine the percentage of yield obtained from the soklet extraction of purple passion fruit leaves using 96% ethanol solvent, and to determine the IC50 of the extract. Percent yield done by calculating the weight of extract divided by the weight of the simplisia and multiplied by one hundred percent, obtained a percent yield of 18.6% show a good yield. Antioxidant activity test using DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, calculate the IC50 value, where ascorbic acid is used as a positive control. The results of the antioxidant activity test of extract ethanol purple passion fruit leaves showed very strong activity with IC50 value of 26,37 ppm and ascorbic acid IC50 value of 6,03 ppm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chintia Carollin, Viriyanata Wijaya, Riki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potential of Flavonoid Compounds from Etlingera elatior against Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER+) as an Anti-Breast Cancer in Silico
Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) subtype breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women and requires targeted therapy to improve the effectiveness of treatment. This study aims to explore the potential of active compounds flavonoid group from Etlingera elatior as estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) inhibitors through an in silico approach. Nine compounds were predicted for their pharmacokinetic and toxicity characteristics using SwissADME, then three compounds with the best profiles were selected for molecular docking using AutoDock. The results of the analysis showed that the epicatechin compound had the best binding affinity (–7.57kcal/mol) and a low inhibition constant (Ki 2.80μM), approaching the positive control value of tamoxifen (-10.49kcal/mol; Ki 20.32μM). Epicatechin also showed a good pharmacokinetic profile, was non-toxic, and was conformationally stable in the active pocket of ER+. Thus, epicatechin has the potential as a candidate for natural anticancer agents for the development of ER+ subtype breast cancer therapy based on natural compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nastiti Nur Indriyani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The role of gut microbiome in nutrition and its influenceon a healthy diet
The gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that plays a crucial role in human health, influencing various physiological processes including nutrition, metabolism, immune function, and mental well-being. This review explores the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and nutrition, highlighting its impact on overall health. The composition and diversity of the gut microbiota are shaped by factors such as diet, age, genetics, and environmental conditions. Dietary patterns, particularly the consumption of probiotics, fermented foods, and specific macronutrients, can modulate the gut microbiome, affecting nutrient metabolism, vitamin synthesis, and the production of beneficial compounds like short-chain fatty acids. These microbial metabolites influence host health through mechanisms such as immune regulation and metabolic processes. The gut microbiome also plays a pivotal role in the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network that influences mental health and cognitive function. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiota, has been linked to numerous health conditions, including obesity, metabolic disorders, and autoimmune diseases. While dietary interventions show promise in restoring microbial balance and improving health outcomes, challenges remain in gut microbiome research, including technical and methodological limitations, the need for standardization, and the complexity of human-microbiome interactions. As our understanding of the gut microbiome continues to evolve, it holds significant potential for advancing preventive medicine and improving overall human health. Future research should focus on overcoming current challenges to develop more personalized and effective microbiome-based therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nanny Djaya, Irene Vanessa, Christina Jeanny (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Data Analytics in Optimizing Hospital Resource Allocation and Decision-making
Data analytics has emerged as a transformative force in optimizing hospital resource allocation and decision-making processes. The integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the Internet of Things has significantly enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare delivery systems. These technologies enable hospitals to leverage vast amounts of data for improved clinical support, resource allocation, and operational efficiency. The implementation of data analytics in healthcare has led to several key benefits, including improved patient outcomes, cost reduction, enhanced predictive analysis capabilities, and more efficient resource optimization. However, the adoption of data analytics in healthcare settings faces several challenges, such as issues related to data quality and standardization, privacy and security concerns, and resistance to change within organizational structures. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach involving technological advancements, policy reforms, and cultural shifts within healthcare institutions. Emerging trends in healthcare data analytics point towards increased integration of artificial intelligence and deep learning technologies, promising to further enhance predictive modeling capabilities, real-time analytics, and the incorporation of diverse data sources for more precise and efficient healthcare delivery. While data analytics offers immense potential for optimizing hospital resource allocation and decision-making, its successful implementation necessitates ongoing research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the development of robust frameworks to address ethical and practical challenges.
analytics, hospital, resource allocation, decision-making, ai
Copyright (c) 2025 Danny Pattirajawane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Accuracy of The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) for Identifying Malnutrition Risk in Stroke Patient
Malnutrition in stroke patients is associated with poor clinical outcomes, making early nutritional assessment essential, as it is a modifiable risk factor. The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) offers a rapid and simple approach for nutritional screening; however, its application in stroke populations remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the MST compared with the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in stroke patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 96 acute stroke patients at Atma Jaya Hospital, Jakarta, using retrospective medical records. The MST was employed for nutritional screening, while nutritional status was determined using the SGA. Bivariate analyses assessed associations between patient characteristics, MST scores, Body Mass Index (BMI), hemoglobin levels, and total lymphocyte count (TLC) with SGA classification. Logistic regression was used to determine the independent association between MST scores and nutritional status, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate MST validity. Results showed that 25% of patients were malnourished according to the SGA. Age, BMI, hemoglobin, TLC, and MST scores were significantly associated with nutritional status (p < 0.05). An MST score ≥2 increased the odds of malnutrition by 3.115 (p < 0.05). The MST demonstrated 75.0% sensitivity, 51.4% specificity, and an AUC of 0.674, indicating adequate diagnostic performance, though complementary assessment tools are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yunisa Astiarani, Vetinly, Michael, Linda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant Potential of Avocado Leaf Kombucha (Persea americana Mill.) at Different Fermentation Times Using the DPPH Method
Avocado leaves contain various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, which contribute to antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are crucial in safeguarding cells from oxidative stress and mitigating the risk of chronic illnesses. This study sought to assess the antioxidant capacity of avocado leaf kombucha across various fermentation durations. The experimental design entailed the preparation of kombucha tea, execution of antioxidant assays utilizing the DPPH method, and statistical analysis by One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD to ascertain significant differences. The IC₅₀ values recorded were 183.25 ppm (moderate) for unfermented tea, 67.99 ppm (moderate) at day 9, 49.91 ppm (very strong) at day 12, and 40.18 ppm (very strong) at day 14, whereas vitamin C, serving as a positive control, exhibited 9.16 ppm (very strong). These findings demonstrate that fermentation significantly enhances antioxidant activity, with the highest effect observed at 14 days of fermentation. In conclusion, avocado leaves represent a promising natural source for developing functional kombucha beverages with strong antioxidant activity.
Avocado leaf, Kombucha, Fermentation, Antioxidant activity, DPPH
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Andry, Rafifah Azzahra, Tiara Ramadaini, Cindy Marseli, Nurfitriyana, Nia Novranda Pertiwi, Muhammad Amin Nasution (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Flavonoids from Fruits and Vegetables on Cognitive Function in Dementia
Flavonoids are polyphenolic phytochemicals abundant in fruits and vegetables that have attracted attention for their potential neuroprotective effects. Dementia, marked by progressive cognitive decline, has limited effective treatments, prompting interest in nutritional approaches. This review synthesizes existing preclinical and clinical evidence of flavonoids-particularly anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, and isoflavones-and their potential effects on different cognitive domains and dementia subtypes. Mechanistic pathways (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroplasticity, vascular, gut-brain axis) are discussed, along with factors influencing flavonoid efficacy, methodological limitations, and directions for future research. Overall, the evidence suggests modest but promising cognitive benefits of dietary flavonoids, especially for Alzheimer's disease, though more rigorous human trials are needed. Recommendations for dietary guidance and translational implications are highlighted.
flavonoids, dementia, cognition, neuroprotection, dietary polyphenols.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josephine Retno Widayanti, Nanny Djaja, Linawati Hananta, Jimmy Fransisco Abandita Barus, Siti Setiati, MI Widiastuti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prediction and ADMET of Bioactive Gingerol from Red Ginger Plant (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum)
The present study focuses on the predictive analysis of pharmacological activity and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) profiles of a selected bioactive compound using advanced in silico tools, PASS Online and pkCSM. The pharmacological potential was assessed through the Pa (probability of activity) and Pi (probability of inactivity) values, revealing strong activity predictions such as serotonin release stimulation, linoleate diol synthase inhibition, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrate potential. These results suggest multiple biological interactions and diverse therapeutic possibilities. Furthermore, the ADMET evaluation highlighted favorable pharmacokinetic behavior, including good intestinal absorption (92.416%), moderate water solubility (-3.164 log mol/L), and non-substrate characteristics toward P-glycoprotein inhibitors. The compound exhibited safe toxicity parameters, being non-mutagenic in the AMES test, non-hepatotoxic, and showing low hERG inhibition potential, which indicates minimal cardiotoxic risk. Moreover, its moderate volume of distribution (0.524 log L/kg) and high clearance (1.339 log ml/min/kg) demonstrate effective systemic disposition. The combined PASS and pkCSM predictions indicate that the compound possesses a promising pharmacological profile, suitable absorption characteristics, favorable metabolism, and low toxicity risks, supporting its potential for further experimental validation as a therapeutic candidate.
PASS Online, pkCSM, pharmacological prediction, ADMET analysis, Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuneka Saristiana, Fendy Prasetyawan, Novyananda Salmasfattah, Lisa Savitri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Review of Chemical Characteristics of Antioxidant Compounds and Biological Activities that have the Potential for Pharmaceuticals
Chemical characteristics of a compound to be an antioxidant compound are more reactive than the compounds making up cells and tissues as well as metabolic component compounds, to radical compounds in the mammalian metabolic system. A highly reactive compound is (1) has one or more unpaired electrons in the form of radical electrons or compounds that lose or excess electrons form ionic (2) have many paired electrons (3) the distance between groups or atoms that have radical electrons very close or distance between same ion in a compound or the distance between groups or atoms which have electron pairs very close in term chemical bond or in space or conformation (4) and compounds that contain a lot of oxygen atoms. Therefore, a group of potential compounds that have strong antioxidant activity is phenolic, especially polyphenols because they have a hydroxy group or another group that has many paired electrons, located in an aromatic ring very close in chemical bonds, or an electron pair between aromatic rings in a very close compound based on space. Furthermore, highly reactive compounds are potentially toxic because they react easily with chemical compounds making up cells and tissues, as well as metabolic component compounds; such as proteins, lipids as fats, carbohydrates, non-fat lipid compounds, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Therefore, the excess of antioxidant compounds in the metabolic system is not good, if there is no free radical in the metabolic system or excessive radical compounds. Thus, the biological activity of antioxidant compounds that must be known if an antioxidant compound will be used in the pharmaceutical field is toxicity. Toxicity information that prospects to be continued as a pharmaceutical antioxidant product is minimally sourced from preclinical testing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Review: Antibacterial Activities of Various Parts of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) Plants on Some Species of Bacteria
The high incidence of infections and the increase in antibiotic resistance have become a global health concern. The emergence of strains of resistant bacteria has also encouraged the exploration of potential antibacterial agents, especially from natural sources. This review aims to provide information regarding the antibacterial activity of stems, leaves, fruits and seeds of mengkudu (M. citrifolia L,) in inhibiting various bacterial species. In this article review, online and offline literature were used. Online literature was obtained from local and international journals and scientific articles of the last 10 years, 2008-2018, which were obtained through direct search results online using online search engines namely Google and Google Scholar. Whereas the offline literature used is books and e-books. It is known that the root, stem, leaves, fruit, and seeds of mengkudu (M. citrifolia L,) with various solvents used can inhibit various species of bacteria with different diameter inhibition zones.
Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a complicated degenerative neurological disorder which can be acute or chronic in nature. It is an acquired condition which is characterized by progressive, symmetrical, proximal and distal tingling and weakness. Muscle stretch reflexes are decreased to absent and loss of sensation is common. Etiology remains unclear but pathophysiology includes demyelination of spinal nerve roots. Death is rare. Early diagnosis and prompt referral should occur in severe cases due to the incidence of potential ventilation failure and cardiovascular instability in some patients. The case of a 26-year-old male presenting to a physician is described. The importance of a correct diagnosis by the physician and the subsequent management is reviewed.
Minireview: Prospect of Doxycycline in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Treatment
Doxycycline has non-antibiotic effects which are necessary for lupus treatment, such as immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-depressive effects. This widely used drug is a promising one to be developed as lupus drug since doxycycline has no data of its microbial resistance and it is safe for maternity. The other benefit is that doxycycline has lower side effects than the current drugs for lupus treatment. It gives excellent chances for women with lupus to be pregnant and have healthy babies. This article contains the compilation data of doxycycline target sites beyond its beneficial activities for lupus and also its limitations. Finally, this data will be a background for doxycycline in lupus drug development.
Sunscreen Lotion of Miana Leaves (Coleus atropurpureus Benth)
Sunscreen can protect the skin from the UV radiation. One of the plants that have the potential to be utilized as active ingredients of sunscreen lotion is miana leaves (Coleus atropurpureus Benth). Lotion made in 3 formulas F1, F2 and F3. Lotion tested its stability with a freeze-thaw method, and evaluated organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity and scatterness and tested sunscreen activity of lotion preparation. The preparation shows good homogeneity, and has oleum rosae odor and a thick consistency with the lotion color is brown (F1), dark brown (F2) and slightly greenish brown (F3). Spreading, viscosity, and pH of the lotion meet the Indonesia Standart requirement. The lotion formula comes in the category of fast tanning (F2) and extra protection (F3) sunscreen.
miana leaves (Coleus atropurpureus Benth)
Isolation and Characterization Endophytic Fungal Isolate from Peronema canescens Jack Leaf and Coptosapelta tomentosa Val. K. Heyne Root
Has been done Isolation, Characterization and Secondary Metabolite Endophytic Fungal Isolate from Peronema canescens Jack Leave and Coptosapelta tomentosa Valeton K. Heyne Root. The aim of this research is to know the number of fungal isolates, chromatogram profile and secondary metabolite group of endophytic fungal isolates from P. canencens leaves and C. tomentosa root. Characterization of endophytic fungal isolates was done macroscopically and microscopically. Identification of secondary metabolites endophytic fungal isolates were performed by chemical reaction test and TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) method with specific spray reagents. The data of this study were obtained based on the number of endophytic fungal that can be isolated, observing macroscopic and microscopic morphological profiles, chromatogram profile and secondary metabolites of each endophytic fungal isolated. The results showed that endophytic fungal that can be isolated from P. canencens leaves four isolates, and two isolates from C. tomentosa root. Morphological profile macroscopic endophytic fungal of the six isolates showed a greenish-colored colony, white gray, clear black. Microscopic profile of each fungal isolate having spores, sprangiosphora, sporangium, conidia, hyphae and stolon. The identified secondary metabolites are: alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, and polyphenols.
Analysis of Total Phenolic from a Root Tabar Kedayan
East Kalimantan has a diversity of plants from various Dayak ethnic groups. One of them is the Tabar Kedayan (Aristolochia foveolata Merr) plant located in Malinau district. This plant is empirically efficacious as antidiarrhea, antidotum (anti poison). Efficacy of Tabar Kedayan plant has not been scientifically confirmed, this is because there is still little scientific research and information about the content of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds contained in Tabar Kedayan Root. The presence of secondary metabolite is phenolic which has considerable biological active prospects as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiamuba, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic and antivirus. The aim of this research is to analyze the chemical content and total phenolic content of root tabar kedayan in fractionation with various nonpolar, semipolar and polar solvents. The analysis used in the determination of total phenolic content using visible spectrophotometric method. Data of analysis used standard curve method based on absorbance data and concentration of standard solution. The results of this study obtained the highest total phenolic average on ethyl acetate fraction of 77.74 ±2,633 mg GAE/g then ethanol fraction of water amounted to 38.10 ±0,461 mg GAE/g and the smallest level of n-hexane fraction of 29.36±0,193 mg GAE/g. Conclusions in this study total phenolic content is found in most semipolar fractions.
Tabar Kedayan (Aristolochia Foveolata Merr)
Phytochemical Assay and Antioxidant Activity against DPPH of Ethanol Extract from Kenaf Leaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an environmentally friendly natural fiber-producing plant that can produce diversified products, such as paper, wallcover, car interior, geotextile, soil safer, fiber drain, particle board, and plastic reinforcement as well as biofuel industry raw materials. Kenaf plant is a plant that has been only part of the fibers of the stem alone so that many unprofitable side products such as kenaf leaves after harvesting only as a waste. In Africa the leaves of kenaf are widely used as medicine This study aims to analyze phytochemical compounds and study the antioxidant activity of the kenaf leaf. The study started by doing phytochemical test and analyzing antioxidant in kenaf leaf and then testing its antioxidant activity with DPPH method. The results showed that the leaves of kenaf contain secondary metabolites of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins and have antioxidant activity that is quite good that is 44.4813 ppm.
Bacterial Symbionts of Soft Coral Lobophytum Sp. From Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia With Antimicrobial MDR TB Potency
Tubercolusis is a disease that attacks the lungs. The disease is caused by the bacterium mycobacterium tubercolusis. The bacteria mycobacterium tubercolusis can be killed by antibiotics. However, continuous use of antibiotics can cause bacterial resistance. So we need to find new drugs that can prevent multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of MDR TB from soft coral symbiont bacteria Lobophytum sp. There were 6 bacterial isolates obtained from soft coral Lobophytum sp. One isolate from Lobophytum-associated bacteria were successfully screened for antimycobacterial against MDR TB bacteria. PLO2 was found to inhibit the growth of MDR TB (MDR TB strain SIRE and R). Based on the results of identification with PCR, soft coral symbionts of PLO2 was closely related to Virgibacillus marismortui with homology of 99%.
Synthesis and Characterization of Methyl Amino Polystyrene as Resin Material of Chromatography
Ion-exchange chromatography has been widely used in various separation process and purification. Commercial ion-exchange resin mostly uses polystyrene as stationer phase. This study reviewed the synthesis of cation-exchange resin with polystyrene as starting material. Polystyrene must be activated in order to make one of aromatic carbon chains being able to be binding with acetamide n-hidroxymethyl electrophilic. Polystyrene activation was conducted through two stages, i.e. (1) the formation of amidomethyl polystyrene (AMDP), and followed with (2) elimination of acyl group. The activation of polystyrene generated white methylamino polystyrene (MAP) resin, of which its characterization used spectrophotometry UV, Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR), and density of MAP resin confirmed by pycnometer. The results showed that the characterization of FTIR and spectrophotometer UV for AMP exhibited forming amino propyl group at 3374.52 cm-1 with ?max 230 nm due to N–H bond; and the average of density of AMP resin sample was 1.7158 g/mL.
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Synthesis and Bioactivity of 3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl) Pyrazoline
Pyrazoline is a five-ring heterocyclic compound having 3 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms known to have some biological activity. This study aims to synthesize 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) pyrazoline using 2’,4’-dichloro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy chalcone and hydrazine. Synthesis was performed by reflux method at 80oC for 7 hours. The synthesis compounds were characterized by structural elucidation techniques. From the synthesis results obtained compound 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) Pyrazoline is pale yellow powder with 84%yield. The result of antioxidant activity test by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) showed that the compound had very strong antioxidant activity, Antibacterial test by diffusion method to use paper disk showed that the compound had antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria (S.aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (E.coli) and toxicity test by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) showed that the compound had toxicity.
Antidiabetic Activities of Broccoli Extracts (Brassica oleracea L.var italica) on Mice Induced Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide
Several plant species have been used for the treatment of diabetes. Research on plants that can be used to treat diabetes such as Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Piper sarmentosum Roxb, Nelumbo nucifera, Ceiba petandra Memecylon malabaricum. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var italics) is a flower of vegetables like cabbage plants. Broccoli juice is made capable of direct and indirect effects on the reduction of blood LDL; the indirect effect is by repairing pancreatic beta cells and increasing insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether broccoli has activity as antidiabetic. The subjects consisted of 15 mice induced with nicotinamide 70 mg/kg BW and Stz 150 mg/kg BW. Diabetic mice were divided into the positive control group (glibenclamide), negative control group (CMC Na) and three treatment groups. The test material is broccoli extract dose 75 mg / kg BW, 150 mg /kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW given peroral for 14 days. Anova test results showed that there was a significant difference in the average percentage of decreased blood glucose levels in all treatments. The result of Post Hock Tukey HSD test with a 95% confidence level showed a significant difference in the negative control group compared with positive control group and extract 300mg / kg BW. This shows that positive control group and extracts 300mg / kg body weight have an activity to decrease blood glucose level.
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of In Vitro Combination of 96% Ethanolic Extract of Brotowali Stem (Tinospora cordifolia) and Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L), contains flavonoid compound which plays a role in the medical treatment of Diabetes Mellitus because this compound has activity as an ?-glucosidase inhibitor. Brotowali stem extract (Tinospora cordfolia) demonstrated ?-glucosidase inhibitory (AGIS) activity. This research aimed to measure 96% ethanolic extract AGIS activity of brotowali-cashew apple combination (BJM). The research was conducted by using ELISA reader instrument at 405 nm for AGIS activity test. The IC50 was calculated from each sample. The IC50 of brotowali stem and cashew apple was 34,61 ?g/ml and 109,32 ?g/ml. Then, the combination of brotowali and cashew apple extract was mixed with each concentration of 0,5%. From 1:0, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 0:1 BJM comparison resulted in AGIS power percentage averages of 84.05%, 69.51%, 70.92%, 68.10%, 40.37%. The results of this research indicated that brotowali stem has the potential as AGIS, while cashew apple has not any potential towards AGIS and that extract combination does not give synergic effect. Therefore, the use of a combination of brotowali-cashew apple extract is not as effective as the use of brotowali single extracts to inhibit the ?-glucosidase enzyme
Pharmaceutical Potential of 2’,4’-Dichloro-4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxychalcone Synthesized from Vaniline
Chalcone is an intermediate compound as the main precursor for the biosynthesis of flavonoid in plants. Chalcone has been known to have variety of different pharmacological activities. The difference in chalcone activity is influenced by the differences of subtituents found in both aromatic rings on the chalcone stucture. This study performed the synthesis of 2',4'-dichloro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxychalcone compound from the raw material of 2,4-dichloro acetophenone and vanillin by Claisen-Schmidt reaction using conventional method by stirring. The yield of synthesized compound is 91.57% of purity. The synthesized compounds were characterized by structural elucidation methods using IR, MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Toxicity and antioxidant activity tests were performed on the synthesized compound. Base on the test results obtained LC50 value of 20.04 ppm and IC50 26.10 ppm. It is better to describe the pharmaceutical potential of 2',4'-dichloro-4-hydroxy-3-methoxychalcone little bit further.
Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract Combinations of Jeruk Purut Leaf (Citrus hystrix Dc.) and Jati Belanda Leaf (Guazuma ulmifolia L.)
Ethanol extracts of Guazuma ulmifolia L. and Citrus hystrix Dc., have a strong antioxidant activity. The purpose of this research is to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts combination of Guazuma ulmifolia L. (jati belanda leaf) and Citrus hystrix Dc (jeruk purut leaf). Determination of antioxidant activity was done by DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazil) using UV-Vis spectrophotometer with maximum wavelength 516.5 nm. The antioxidant activity of jeruk purut leaf is smaller than jati belanda leaf (IC50 48.70 mg/mL for jeruk purut leaf, IC50 35.92 mg/mL for jati belanda leaf). Antioxidant activity of the two extracts combination was lower than the antioxidants of each extract (without combination). The low antioxidant activity of both extract combination due to the antagonist activity as the interaction of the content of each extract so that the extract combination showing a weaker antioxidant activity. At the concentration of each different comparison of each extract combination volume shown no difference with P-value > 0.05 (P-value: 0.99).
Antioxidants Activity of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System on Dayak Onions Extract (Eleutherine palmifolia) using DPPH (2,2 difenil-1- picrylhydrazyl) Method
Dayak onions (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr) is one plant that has been proven to have benefits as an antioxidant. The Dayak extract is formulated in the self nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) because the extract has low water solubility. The aims this study to develop the SNEDDS formulation system by testing its antioxidant activity. We determined whether there was an increase in antioxidant activity when formulated in the form of SNEDDS or not. The results were then compared with a solution of Dayak onions extract without using SNEDDS. The obtained formula was the optimal result that has been done before using the D-optimal mixture design method. The results of the components consisted of 50 mg of Dayak extract, 10 % caprylic triglyceride as oil, 1% tween 80, and 6,60 % transcutol as a combination surfactant and 12,40 % propylene glycol as co-surfactant. Antioxidant activity testing was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The antioxidant test using the DPPH method was done with two samples, namely the extract solution and Dayak onion extract SNEDDS. We elaborated the research by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Each sample was made into five concentrations, namely 30 ppm, 60 ppm, 90 ppm, 120 ppm, and 150 ppm, and carried out three times replications. The results showed that the IC50 value in the Dayak onion extract solution was 227,19 ppm (very low), while for the SNEDDS solution for the Dayak onion extract the IC50 value obtained was 38,97 ppm (very strong). The analysis was carried out next using an independent T-Test to obtain the results. There was no significant difference between the extract solution and the SNEDDS solution of Dayak onion extract.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Relationship of Knowledge on Respiratory Disorders with Lung Function in Masons in East Surabaya
Masons are regularly exposed to air pollution in the workplace The pollution exposure received by them is a risk factor for respiratory problems. Most of the masons had insufficient knowledge that is very important for the management of a person's illness. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship of knowledge on respiratory disorders with lung function in masons in east surabaya. This research was an observational study with a cross-sectional design with a purposive method.The research was conducted from April to July 2019 in the East Surabaya area. The variables that will be observed in this study are the level of knowledge of risk factors, symptoms, and treatment and therapy regarding respiratory disorders. In this study, there were 158 respondents consisting of 79 groups with impaired lung function and 79 groups without lung function disorders. Most of the level of knowledge of both groups was good in risk factors and treatment of respiratory disease, but instead on the symptoms regarding respiratory disease. The research showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge about risk factors for respiratory disease (p(0.223)<0.05) and lung function, but there was no difference in knowledge about symptoms (p(0.745)<0.05) and treatment (p(0.741)<0.05) respiratory disease with pulmonary function. Therefore, it was necessary to plan further educational programs in increasing masons' knowledge of respiratory symptoms so that they could catch respiratory diseases earlier.