Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry
Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry (J. Trop. Pharm. Chem) Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry (p-ISSN: 2087-7099, e-ISSN: 2407-6090) is an international, open access (Indexed in SINTA 4 since 2016, and start from Volume 4 No. 4 2018 indexed in SINTA 3 (SK No. 10/E/KPT/2019) by Ministry of Research Technology and Higher Education, Indonesia, GARUDA, DOAJ, Index Copernicus, Crossref, CiteFactor, PKP Index, BASE, Moraref, Google Scholar), journal dedicated to various disciplines of pharmaceutical and allied sciences. The journal had been established in 2010, and online publication was begun in 2014. Since 2018, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Mulawarman (UNMUL), Samarinda, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry only receives manuscripts in English. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry is an international, open-access journal published every four months (March, July, and November), focusing on various disciplines in pharmaceutical and allied sciences. Journal History: Previously, the journal (http://https://jtpc.farmasi.unmul.ac.id) was managed using the Open Journal Systems (OJS) platform under a domain hosted by a private third-party provider. In early 2024, the site was compromised due to a security breach, resulting in the loss of all data. Access to the domain could not be recovered, as it was fully controlled by the external provider and no local backups were available. To ensure improved security and sustainability, journal management was transferred to the official domain maintained by the ICT Center of Mulawarman University. The journal was re-established on a new OJS platform (https://jtpc.ff.unmul.ac.id) and is now fully managed by the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University
Nutrigenomics and Jamu: Integrating Nutritional Genomics with Indonesian Traditional Medicine for Precision, Preventive, and Systems-Oriented Health
Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics often grouped under nutritional genomics investigate how nutrients and bioactive food compounds modulate gene expression and related molecular phenotypes, and how genetic variation modifies individual responses to diet. These approaches are increasingly operationalized through multi‑omics (transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, microbiomics) and data-driven dietary interventions, including randomized controlled trials in personalized nutrition. In parallel, Indonesian jamu an ancestral system of multi‑herb preparations used for health maintenance and symptom management represents a rich, under‑modeled source of phytochemical diversity and culturally embedded dietary practices. This review synthesizes evidence at the intersection of nutrigenomics and jamu by (1) outlining core concepts and methodological standards in nutritional genomics; (2) summarizing translational frameworks for connecting botanical complexity to molecular mechanisms using systems biology, network pharmacology, and multi‑omics; and (3) appraising representative jamu‑relevant botanicals (e.g., Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica) for nutrigenomic effects on inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and mitochondrial pathways. We propose an implementation pathway for “precision jamu nutrition” that aligns cultural acceptability with clinical governance, quality systems, and evidence hierarchies, emphasizing standardized extracts, rigorous phenotyping, genotype‑aware subgroup analyses, and safety monitoring. Key challenges include botanical variability, confounding from complex diets, population genetic diversity, limited prospective trials, and regulatory harmonization. Future research should prioritize pragmatic trials embedded in health services, mechanistic sub-studies leveraging omics, and equitable governance to prevent widening health disparities in precision nutrition.
nutrigenomics; nutrigenetics; precision nutrition; Indonesian jamu; phytochemicals; multi-omics; gene expression; epigenetics; microbiome; systems pharmacology
Copyright (c) 2025 Fajar Prasetya, Linawati Hananta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Jamu and Women's Health: Exploring Its Role in Reproductive and Maternal Care
Jamu, a traditional Indonesian medicine system, has been practiced for centuries and is deeply rooted in the cultural practices and daily life of local communities. It embodies a holistic approach that integrates physical, spiritual, and emotional well-being, emphasizing harmony with nature, balance, and the interconnection of body, mind, and spirit. Jamu plays a significant role in women's health, particularly in reproductive and maternal care, due to cultural beliefs surrounding its use. Women often use Jamu during different life stages, viewing it as a cultural norm supported by generations of traditional knowledge. The potential role of Jamu in women's reproductive and maternal care is an area of emerging interest, as it aligns with the widespread use of natural remedies in similar contexts around the world. While the benefits of Jamu are culturally and historically supported, its safety and efficacy remain subjects of ongoing investigation. The integration of Jamu into modern healthcare systems presents both opportunities and challenges. Key opportunities include enhancing cultural acceptance of healthcare services, promoting holistic health benefits, and improving patient-centered care. However, challenges persist in standardization, scientific validation, and quality control. The "scientization" of Jamu, involving the transition from experience-based to evidence-based practices, is crucial for its safe and effective integration. Future directions should focus on the systematic incorporation of Jamu into mainstream healthcare, preserving its cultural elements while ensuring safety and efficacy through comprehensive regulatory frameworks, rigorous scientific research, and collaboration between traditional practitioners and modern healthcare providers.
jamu, women’s health, reproductive and maternal care, traditional medicine, djampi oesodo
Copyright (c) 2025 Lusy Noviani, Fajar Prasetya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation Of Antioksidan Sheet Mask Preparation From A Combination Of Red Dragon Fruit Peel (Celenicereus monacanthus (Lem.) D.R. Hunt) And Kepok Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana) Ethanolic Extracts
The main problem of facial skin is premature aging triggered by free radicals. Antioxidants play an essential role in counteracting these radicals. Red dragon fruit peel (Celenicereus monacanthus (Lem.) D.R. Hunt) and kepok banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana) are natural sources rich in flavonoids with antioxidant potential. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of sheet mask formulations combining both extracts. The research was experimental, using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The concentrated extracts were formulated into sheet masks at concentrations of (10:5)%, (15:5)%, and (20:5)%. Evaluation included organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, irritation, and moisture tests using a skin analyzer. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method. Results showed that all formulations exhibited stable physical characteristics. The IC₅₀ values were 42.59 ppm (FI), 33.74 ppm (FII), and 27.89 ppm (FIII), indicating very strong antioxidant activity. No irritation reactions such as redness, itching, or swelling were observed. Moisture increased up to 60% by the fourth week. In conclusion, the combination of red dragon fruit peel and kepok banana peel extracts is effective as a natural antioxidant ingredient for sheet masks, though further pharmacological and safety studies are recommended.
Sheet mask; Red Dragon Fruit; Kepok Banana; Antioxidant
Copyright (c) 2025 Wa Ode Ardianti, Nur Hatidjah Awaliyah Halid, Nur Herlina Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Correlation Between Academic Stress and Random Blood Glucose Levels in Medical Laboratory Technology (D.IV) Students at Kadiri University
Academic stress is a challenging condition faced by students due to academic pressure, which can affect physiological functions such as blood glucose levels. This study aimed to assess the correlation between academic stress levels and blood glucose levels among students enrolled in the Medical Laboratory Technology (D.IV) Study Program at Kadiri University. This was a quantitative, non-experimental study using a cross-sectional design. The participants were 31 students, of whom 28 met the inclusion criteria. The Perceived Sources of Academic Stress (PSAS) questionnaire was used to measure academic stress levels, while the One Tech Medical Komodo 200 photometer was used to measure random blood glucose levels. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test. The findings showed that most participants experienced moderate stress (71.43%) and had normal blood glucose levels (53.57%). Pearson’s correlation analysis yielded r = 0.045 and p = 0.819 (p > 0.05), indicating no significant relationship between academic stress and blood glucose levels. These results suggest that academic stress did not have a statistically or practically significant effect on blood glucose levels among the students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo Kurniawan, Dita Apriana Dwi Astuti Hilmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge And Practice Of Non-Sterile Good Compounding Practice (GCP) In Samarinda City Community Health Center: Analysis Of Implementation By Pharmacists
Good Compounding Practice (GCP) is a guideline for proper drug compounding, providing detailed instructions on applying good compounding practices to prepare drug formulations intended for human use. Poor compounding can compromise quality, including issues with uniformity of content/potency and weight, physical, chemical, and biological stability, as well as the risk of drug interactions and side effects. The compounding process involves several steps, including preparation, mixing, assembly, packaging, and labeling according to the physician's prescription. This study aims to assess the level of pharmacists' knowledge about GCP, the implementation of GCP, and the relationship between pharmacists' knowledge of GCP and its implementation. This research is non-experimental with a cross-sectional design. The study subjects are pharmacists in Samarinda City, focusing on their knowledge of GCP, the implementation of GCP, and the relationship between the level of knowledge and its implementation. The sampling technique used is total sampling, and data analysis to determine the correlation between knowledge and implementation uses chi-square analysis. The results indicate that the level of pharmacists' knowledge about Good Compounding Practice (GCP) and its implementation in Puskesmas is categorized as "Good." The average knowledge score is 83.26, while the implementation score is 82
Compounded Medicines, Good Compounding Practice, Knowledge Level, Implementation, Puskesmas
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Marselina Ine (Translator); heri wijaya, Nurul Fatimah, Muhammad Marwan Ramadhan, Burhanudin Gasim Soka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of Carrageenan Concentration as an Emulsifier in Banana Peel Extract Body Lotion with Irritation Assessment
Body lotion is a cosmetic used to soften and protect the skin. Ambon banana peel contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential that can be incorporated into body lotion formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carrageenan concentration as an emulsifier on the physical and chemical characteristics of ambon banana peel extract body lotion. The extract was obtained using the maceration method and formulated into three lotions containing carrageenan at concentrations of 1% (F1), 1.5% (F2), and 2% (F3). Each formulation was evaluated through organoleptic observation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability, and skin irritation tests. Statistical analysis included normality and homogeneity testing using the Shapiro–Wilk test and Levene’s test, followed by One Way ANOVA to identify differences among formulations. The results demonstrated that variation in carrageenan concentration significantly influenced several physical properties of the lotion. Increasing carrageenan levels led to higher viscosity and adhesion, while spreadability decreased as concentration increased. In contrast, carrageenan concentration did not produce a significant effect on pH values. Based on the overall evaluation, the formulation containing 2% carrageenan (F3) was identified as the optimal formula. The results of the irritation test proved to be safe without causing an irritating effect on the skin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Annisa Diyan Meitasari, M. Fiqri Zulpadly MH, Rahmawati Kurnianingsih, Ariska Wigatiningtyas, Juliyanti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibacterial Potential of Avicennia marina Leaf Extracts: Recent Evidence and Research Gaps
Mangrove plants are recognized as a valuable source of bioactive secondary metabolites with potential pharmaceutical applications, particularly as antibacterial agents. Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., one of the most widely distributed mangrove species, has been traditionally used to treat various infections. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the antibacterial activity of A. marina leaf extracts in response to the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This mini review aims to critically evaluate recent evidence published between 2019 and 2025 regarding the antibacterial potential of A. marina leaf extracts and to identify existing research gaps. A structured literature search was conducted using Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on studies that investigated the in vitro antibacterial activity of A. marina leaves. The reviewed studies consistently report inhibitory effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., and Pseudomonas spp. However, substantial variability in extraction methods, antibacterial assays, and phytochemical characterization limits direct comparison among studies. Overall, A. marina leaf extracts demonstrate promising antibacterial potential, yet further standardized studies and mechanistic investigations are required to support their development as pharmaceutical antibacterial agents.
avicennia marina; mangrove leaves; antibacterial activity; natural products; medicinal plants
Copyright (c) 2025 Linawati Hananta, Yulius Evan Christian, Silvia Gokok (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prediction of Bioactivity, Molecular Targets, and ADMET Properties of Chlorogenic Acid Derived from Coffee Beans (Coffea liberica)
Chlorogenic acid is a major polyphenolic compound present in coffee beans and has been widely recognized for its diverse pharmacological properties. However, comprehensive information regarding its bioactivity spectrum, molecular targets, and pharmacokinetic characteristics remains limited, particularly for chlorogenic acid derived from Coffea liberica. This study aimed to evaluate the bioactivity, molecular targets, and ADMET properties of chlorogenic acid using an integrated in silico approach. Bioactivity prediction was performed using the Way2Drug platform to identify potential pharmacological activities. Molecular target identification was conducted using SwissTargetPrediction to determine probable protein targets relevant to human biology. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles were assessed using the pkCSM web server to evaluate absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters. The bioactivity analysis revealed strong predicted antioxidant, membrane-protective, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities. Target prediction indicated interactions with multiple protein classes, predominantly enzymes and proteases, including aldo-keto reductases, matrix metalloproteinases, carbonic anhydrases, and proteins associated with metabolic, inflammatory, oncogenic, and neurodegenerative pathways. ADMET analysis demonstrated moderate oral absorption, limited central nervous system penetration, low risk of cytochrome P450–mediated drug–drug interactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuneka Saristiana, Fendy Prasetyawan, M Wahyu Ariawan, Lisa Savitri, Saiful Musttaqin, Herman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant Activity of Citrus nobilis var Microcarpa and Citrus aurantifolia Hard Candy
In Indonesia, Pontianak oranges and limes are commonly consumed as food and used in traditional medicine, with their antioxidant compounds that contribute to the protection of body cells from oxidative stress caused by free radicals. This research aimed to assess hard candy formulations using hedonic evaluation and to analyze the antioxidant activity of a blend of Pontianak oranges and limes. The evaluation comprised weight uniformity, stability, sugar reduction, and antioxidant activity analysis using the ABTS method. Antioxidant testing of Pontianak orange and lime juice was conducted using three formulations with ratios of 2:3 (F1), 3:2 (F2), and 1:1 (F3). The antioxidant activity values of the fruit juice formulations F1, F2, and F3 were 75.254 ppm, 87.141 ppm, and 79.223 ppm, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding hard candy formulations exhibited antioxidant activity values of 171.863 ppm, 209.729 ppm, and 180.805 ppm. The hard candy met the weight uniformity criteria, with no samples exceeding a 5% deviation from the average weight. The formulations were stable at temperatures of 8–15 °C, with reducing sugar contents of 11.170%, 11.726%, and 11.377%.
Pontianak orange, lime, antioxidant, evaluation
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Rouchmana, Silvi Maharani, Laode Rija'i (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In Silico Approach in Predicting Bioactivity, ADMET, and Therapeutic Targets of Dexamethasone
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid widely used for its potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects; however, its broad biological activity and potential adverse effects necessitate a comprehensive pharmacological evaluation. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity profile, potential molecular targets, and ADMET properties of dexamethasone using an integrated in silico approach. Bioactivity prediction was performed using PASS Online, target identification was conducted via SwissTargetPrediction, and pharmacokinetic–toxicological profiling was evaluated using the pkCSM platform. The results revealed high probabilities for anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and immunosuppressive activities, confirming the established therapeutic roles of dexamethasone. Multiple nuclear receptors, including the glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, androgen, and progesterone receptors, were identified as primary targets, providing mechanistic insight into both therapeutic effects and endocrine-related adverse outcomes. Additional targets related to inflammatory signaling, metabolic regulation, and G-protein–coupled receptors suggested broader pharmacological interactions. ADMET predictions indicated high intestinal absorption, moderate distribution, limited central nervous system penetration, manageable metabolic interactions, and low predicted toxicity risks.
Dexamethasone, Target Prediction, PASS Online, ADMET, In Silico
Copyright (c) 2025 Fendy Prasetyawan, M Wahyu Ariawan, Yuneka Saristiana, Lisa Savitri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparing the Financial Burden of Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy on Indonesian Healthcare Insurance (JKN) Coverage: A Study in East Kalimantan
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a major public health burden in Indonesia. Chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for advanced CRC but creates substantial financial pressure on patients, hospitals, and the National Health Insurance (JKN) system. Although reimbursement is provided through the Indonesia Case Base Groups (INA-CBGs), differences between actual costs and tariff rates have been reported. Objective: This study assessed the financial burden of chemotherapy for stage III and metastatic CRC and its alignment with JKN reimbursement in a government referral hospital in Kalimantan. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Regional General Hospital, Samarinda, using medical records from January-June 2024. A total of 129 chemotherapy visits were analyzed. Direct medical costs were compared with INA-CBG claims using descriptive statistics and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: FOLFIRI was the most frequently administered regimen (71%). The total chemotherapy cost was Rp590,674,630, with a mean of Rp4,578,873 per visit. Pharmaceutical costs accounted for 56.58% of total expenditures. Actual costs were adequately covered by JKN, resulting in a positive variance of Rp1,314,544 per visit. Conclusion: INA-CBG reimbursement adequately covered CRC chemotherapy costs, although continued evaluation of JKN financing sustainability is warranted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erfan Abdissalam, Rizki Nur Azmi, Bintang Dwi Putra, Afifah Puspa Anggraeni, Aulia Rahman, Muhammad Fahmi Hidayat Firdaus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Potential Of Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus (L.) Rendle) Essential Oil In Inhibiting The Formation Of Escherichia Coli And Candida Albicans Biofilms
Indonesia is a tropical country that has very high biodiversity, one of which is the citronella plant (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle). Citronella leaves have a strong distinctive aroma and essential oils are odorous compounds found in the plant. This study aims to identify the components of compounds in essential oils in citronella oil and the potential for antibiofilm against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Essential oils were obtained through a distillation process. Furthermore, they were tested in four concentration series (0.125%; 0.25%; 0.5%; 0.1%) to measure the activity of the ability to inhibit the formation of E. coli and C. albicans biofilms using the microdilution method. The results of the antibiofilm test were analyzed based on optical density to calculate the percentage of inhibition. Citronella essential oil with the highest concentration of 1% showed inhibition of biofilm formation against E. coli and C. albicans of 84% and 79% respectively. Citronella essential oil can inhibit the formation of E. coli and C. albicans biofilms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mentarry Bafadal, Hasyrul Hamzah, Supriatno Salam, Fajar Prasetya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Correlational Study of Academic Stress Levels and Total Cholesterol in Students of the Medical Laboratory Technology Study Program, Kadiri University
Students in the Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT) Study Program at Kadiri University often experience academic stress due to assignments, examinations, and other academic demands. Such stress may affect physiological functions, including total cholesterol levels. This study aimed to examine the relationship between academic stress levels and total cholesterol levels among MLT students at Kadiri University. The research employed a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional design. A sample of 29 students was selected using simple random sampling. Academic stress levels were assessed using the DASS-42 questionnaire, while total cholesterol levels were measured through laboratory testing. Results showed that 58.62% of respondents experienced moderate stress and 41.38% experienced high stress. Regarding cholesterol levels, 86.21% had normal levels (<200 mg/dL), and 13.79% had high levels (≥240 mg/dL), with no respondents in the borderline category. Pearson’s correlation test yielded a p-value of 0.3313 (p > 0.05), indicating no significant relationship between academic stress levels and total cholesterol levels. The findings suggest that academic stress does not significantly influence total cholesterol levels among these students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novirma Yanti, Lisa Savitri, Dita Aprina Dwi Astuti, Rochmad Krissanjaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Practice-Based Evaluation of Pocket Book Supported Pharmacist Education in Improving Quality of Life and Clinical Outcomes Among Prolanis Patients with Hypertension
Hypertension remains a major public health burden globally and in Indonesia, and pharmacists play an essential role in optimizing antihypertensive therapy through structured education. This quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest study evaluated the effectiveness of pharmacist-led pocket book education on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and blood pressure control among 40 Prolanis hypertensive patients at Juanda Public Health Center (January–February 2025). Participants received individualized counseling using a hypertension pocket book covering disease understanding, medication adherence, and lifestyle modification; HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L Indonesian value set, while systolic and diastolic blood pressure served as clinical outcomes. Significant improvements were observed, with mean utility scores increasing from 0.824 ± 0.065 to 0.967 ± 0.020 (p < 0.001; d = 1.2), systolic blood pressure decreasing from 144.97 ± 17.42 to 137.87 ± 16.11 mmHg (p = 0.003), and diastolic blood pressure decreasing from 83.00 ± 8.75 to 79.72 ± 8.73 mmHg (p = 0.001). Regression analysis identified shorter hypertension duration and absence of comorbidity as significant predictors of HRQoL improvement (β = 0.34, p = 0.04). These findings demonstrate that pharmacist-led pocket book education is an effective, low-cost intervention with strong potential for broader implementation in primary care and Prolanis programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Rahmawati, Sinta Ariani, Adam M Ramadhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nephelium lappaceum Peel Extract Alleviates High Fat-High Fructose Diet-Induced Fatty Liver in Mice
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) occurs due to excessive fat accumulation in the liver, triggered by high fat and sugar intake. This study aims to investigate the effect of Nephelium lappaceum peel extract (NLE) on hepatic profile in mice induced with a High Fat High Fructose Diet (HFHFD). The study involved 25 male mice divided into five groups: (1) normal group, (2) HFHFD group, (3) NLE 125 mg/kg bw, (4) NLE 250 mg/kg bw, and (5) NLE 500 mg/kg. HFHFD and NLE administration were carried out for 14 days. On the 15th day, mice were sacrificed and liver was harvested for further analysis. Descriptive analysis was performed for macroscopic and microscopic (histological) liver observations. ANOVA was used to analyze liver index. The results showed that NLE improve fatty liver both macroscopically and microscopically. The liver index also improved significantly in group treated by NLE 250 (p<0,05) and NLE 500 (p<0,0001). The study suggests that NLE exhibits a promising therapeutic potential against fatty liver disease.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Anggreini, Arnitia, Nur Rezky Khairun Nisaa, Leny Eka Tyas Wahyuni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Correlation between dry matter intake and weight gain in bali cattle
Beef cattle productivity is strongly influenced by the quality and quantity of feed provided. Dry matter intake (DMI) is a key indicator of nutritional adequacy. Previous studies have been largely descriptive and have not emphasized the quantitative relationship between DMI and growth performance of Bali cattle under intensive smallholder farming systems. This study analyzed the correlation between dry matter intake and body weight gain in male Bali cattle raised intensive management. The research was conducted in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, involving 45 respondents, with a total of 180 male Bali cattle. Data were collected through field surveys, body weight measurements, and laboratory analyses of the feed dry matter content. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s correlation and simple linear regression. The results indicated that the average daily body weight gain of the Bali cattle reached 0.48 kg/head/day. Dry matter intake was positively and significantly correlated with body weight gain (r= 0.777; p < 0.01) using the regression equation Y= 8.159 + 0.483X. These findings confirm that increasing the DMI directly enhances the growth performance of Bali cattle. The study concluded that feed management emphasizing dry matter intake optimization is essential to support the productivity of local beef cattle.
Bali cattle; dry matter intake; body weight; livestock growth; productivity
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamdi Mayulu, Ika Wahyuningsih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Isolation and Morphological Characterization of Endophytic Fungi from Leaves and Bark of Keledang (Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb.)
Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb which is also known as Keledang., an endemic member of the Moraceae family, exhibits notable pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and photoprotective effects associated with its secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues asymptomatically, are known to synthesize bioactive compounds comparable to those of their host plants. This integrated study aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic fungi from the leaves and bark of A. lanceifolius to assess their potential as alternative sources of bioactive metabolites. Leaf and bark samples were surface sterilized, sectioned into explants, and inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Emerging colonies were purified and examined macroscopically based on colony color, texture, margin, and reverse pigmentation, and microscopically based on hyphal morphology, conidiophores, phialides, and conidia. As an exploratory descriptive study, no statistical tests were applied. Eight endophytic fungal isolates were obtained: four from leaves—Gliocladium sp., Geotrichum sp., and two Aspergillus spp.—and three from bark—Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Aspergillus niger. The differences between leaf- and bark-derived isolates indicate organ-specific ecological niches. These findings demonstrate that A. lanceifolius hosts diverse endophytes with potential for natural product discovery, warranting further molecular and metabolomic investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Rezky Khairun Nisaa, Amelia Ratih Maharani, Rinta Nur Decca Prasanti, Putri Anggreini, Leny Eka Tyas Wahyuni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract of Mekai Leaves (Albertisia papuana Becc.) Using the DPPH Method
This study examines the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Mekai leaves (Albertisia papuana Becc.), a traditional medicinal plant widely utilized by the Dayak communities in Kalimantan. Despite its ethnopharmacological relevance, scientific data regarding its antioxidant capacity remain limited. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of important secondary metabolites, including tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids—groups of compounds commonly associated with radical-scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging method demonstrated that the extract possesses strong antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 95.583 ppm. These findings reinforce the traditional use of Mekai and underscore its potential as a natural source of bioactive antioxidant compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 raisa fadilla, Leny Eka Tyas Wahyuni (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Fermentation Duration Effect on the Antioxidant Activity of Pecut Kuda (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L.) Leaf Kombucha
Kombucha is a fermented beverage rich in various bioactive metabolites produced through the combined activity of yeast and bacteria. Pecut kuda (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L.) leaves contain phenolic and flavonoids with potential antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation duration on the antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of pecut kuda leaf kombucha for 6, 10 and 14 days. The evaluation involved organoleptic assessment, pH measurement, total acetic acid determination, and antioxidant activity with DPPH assay. The antioxidant activity of pecut kuda leaf kombucha showed IC50 of 63.08 ppm, 66.79 ppm, and 98.24 ppm for 6, 10, and 14 days of fermentation, respectively, which are classified as strong antioxidant activity. The fermentation duration has a significant effect on physicochemical parameters, with pH decreasing from 3.17 to 2.64 and 2.16, while total acetic acid increase from 0.25% to 0.54% and 0.86%. Organoleptic result showed a colour change from dark brown to brown of kombucha. These results indicated that pecut kuda leaf kombucha potential as functional beverage.
pecut kuda, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L., kombucha, antioxidant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Nabila Alodia, Viriyanata Wijaya, Harra Ismi Farah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutrition and Neuroprotection in Aging: A Review of Omega-3, Flavonoids, B-Vitamins, MCT Oil, and Ketogenic Protocols for Dementia Prevention
Population aging has led to a global increase in dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Diet is a key modifiable factor with growing potential for neuroprotection. This review synthesizes mechanistic, epidemiological, and clinical evidence on five nutritional strategies relevant to dementia prevention: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), flavonoids, B-vitamins, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, and ketogenic approaches. A narrative review with systematic search elements was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, prioritizing meta-analyses, large prospective cohorts, and randomized controlled trials involving older adults, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Evidence indicates that higher intake or status of omega-3 PUFAs and flavonoid-rich foods is associated with reduced dementia risk and modest cognitive benefits, particularly in midlife or prodromal stages. B-vitamin supplementation may slow brain atrophy and cognitive decline in individuals with elevated homocysteine, while effects are limited in unselected populations. MCT oil and ketogenic interventions improve cognition by providing alternative brain energy substrates, with greater benefits observed in MCI and APOE ε4 non-carriers. Overall, a multi-target nutritional approach addressing neuroinflammation, vascular health, homocysteine metabolism, and brain energy deficits shows promise for dementia prevention. Future research should emphasize biomarker-guided personalization and integration with broader lifestyle interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ignatius Danny Pattirajawane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Disease-Associated Anemia: An Integrated Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications
Disease-associated anemia is a heterogeneous and prevalent clinical problem, arising from diverse underlying conditions that interfere with erythropoiesis, red blood cell survival, iron metabolism, or blood loss. Major underlying causes include chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammation or infection, malignancy, bone marrow failure syndromes, haemoglobinopathies, autoimmune haemolysis, and chronic blood loss (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding or parasitic infection). Distinct pathophysiological mechanisms impaired erythrocyte production, increased erythrocyte destruction, and iron sequestration or chronic blood loss often overlap, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Recent advances in understanding molecular regulators such as hepcidin and erythroferrone, and therapeutic innovations including hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF) stabilizers, hepcidin antagonists, gene therapy for haemoglobinopathies, and refined iron-management protocols, promise improved outcomes. This review synthesizes current evidence on mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies across major disease categories causing anemia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nanny Djaya, Irene Vanessa, Christina Jeanny (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comparative Review of Modern Pharmacy and Jamu through the Djampi Oesodo Triad Philosophy
Modern pharmaceutical science is predominantly grounded in a reductionist paradigm in which therapeutic efficacy is explained by the interaction of chemical matter with biological targets, governed by binding free energy and conformational dynamics at the molecular level. While this approach has achieved remarkable success in drug discovery and precision medicine, it often provides an incomplete account of clinical outcomes in complex, chronic, and psychosomatic conditions where context, expectation, and systemic regulation play decisive roles. In contrast, the Indonesian Jamu tradition conceptualized here through the framework of Jamulogi and the ancestral philosophy of Djampi Oesodo approaches healing as an integrated process involving kesadaran (consciousness), energi (biophysical and embodied regulation), and materi (biochemical substances derived from plants, animals, and minerals). This narrative integrative review compares modern pharmacy and Jamu as two distinct yet potentially complementary therapeutic paradigms. The analysis synthesizes evidence from molecular pharmacology, structural biology, placebo–nocebo neuroscience, systems and network pharmacology, ethnomedicine, archaeology, and environmental health. Modern pharmaceutical efficacy is examined through the lens of binding free energy (ΔG_bind) and protein–ligand conformational landscapes, while Jamu is analysed as a multi-component, multi-target system whose effects are modulated by consciousness-mediated expectation, ritualized therapeutic context, embodied techniques, and ecological continuity. Neuroscientific evidence demonstrates that expectation and belief can modulate endogenous opioidergic, neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune pathways, providing biological validation for the therapeutic role of consciousness emphasized in Djampi Oesodo. Concurrently, systems pharmacology and natural product research support the plausibility of Jamu’s material domain as a network-level pharmacological intervention. The review argues that the apparent dichotomy between pharmacy and Jamu reflects differences in explanatory level rather than scientific incompatibility. By framing molecular binding energetics and systemic state regulation as complementary layers of therapeutic causality, Jamulogi emerges as a culturally grounded and scientifically plausible integrative health science. This framework offers a coherent foundation for future research in ethnopharmacology, systems biology, integrative clinical trial design, and sustainable phytopharmaceutical innovation within Indonesia and beyond.
jamu, pharmacy, djampi oesodo, kesadaran, energi, materi
Copyright (c) 2025 Fajar Prasetya, Lusy Noviani, Hadi Kuncoro, Niken Indriyanti, Daniel Tjen, Jaya Suprana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Data Analytics in Optimizing Hospital Resource Allocation and Decision-making
Hospitals operate within highly complex and resource-constrained environments where decisions regarding beds, workforce, operating rooms, diagnostic services, and medical supplies directly influence patient safety, quality of care, operational efficiency, and financial sustainability. Persistent challenges such as emergency department overcrowding, prolonged waiting times, workforce shortages, and rising healthcare costs indicate systemic inefficiencies in traditional hospital resource allocation practices. Historically, hospital decision-making has relied on retrospective reporting, static staffing ratios, and managerial experience, approaches that are increasingly inadequate for managing real-time variability and interdependencies within modern healthcare systems. The rapid digitalization of healthcare, particularly through the widespread adoption of electronic health records and integrated hospital information systems, has created unprecedented opportunities to apply data analytics to hospital operations. Data analytics enables hospitals to transform large volumes of clinical and operational data into actionable insights that support evidence-based decision-making. This review examines the role of data analytics in optimizing hospital resource allocation and decision-making by synthesizing contemporary evidence across descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive analytics. It explores key analytical methodologies, including machine learning, process mining, simulation modeling, and optimization techniques, and evaluates their application in critical operational domains such as emergency department crowding, inpatient flow, length of stay prediction, workforce planning, and strategic capacity management. In addition, this review critically discusses implementation challenges that limit the real-world impact of hospital analytics, including data quality issues, interoperability barriers, governance gaps, privacy concerns, and algorithmic bias. The findings indicate that data analytics can substantially enhance hospital performance when embedded within clinical workflows and supported by robust organizational governance. However, sustainable benefits require alignment between analytical models, decision-making processes, ethical oversight, and institutional culture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edward, Nanny Djaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Solvent Polarity and Protein Models on Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Leaf Extract
Protein denaturation plays an important role in the inflammatory process, and inhibition of this mechanism is widely used as an indicator of anti-inflammatory potential in vitro. This study aimed to investigates the effect of solvent polarity and protein models on the anti-inflammatory activity of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) leaf extract using albumin denaturation assays with egg albumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Extracts were prepared using solvents of different polarities—n-hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar), and ethanol (polar)—and tested at concentrations of 200, 500, and 1000 ppm. The results showed that solvent polarity and assay model strongly influenced inhibitory activity. In the egg albumin model, the highest inhibition was observed in the ethyl acetate extract at 1000 ppm (45.35%) with an IC₅₀ of 1232.5 ppm, followed by n-hexane extract (IC₅₀ = 1966.7 ppm). Ethanol extract exhibited comparatively lower inhibition (maximum 27.84%; IC₅₀ = 2214.7 ppm). Sodium diclofenac, used as a positive control, demonstrated potent activity with an IC₅₀ of 249.3 ppm. In the BSA model, overall inhibition values increased across all extracts, with n-hexane and ethanolic extracts showing enhanced activity, reaching 75.10% and 73.94% inhibition at 1000 ppm, respectively. Ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest activity in the BSA model (IC₅₀ = 281 ppm), indicating that polar constituents contribute substantially to protein-stabilizing effects. While, ethyl acetate extract displayed moderate inhibition with an IC₅₀ of 697.6 ppm. The study highlights the importance of solvent selection and assay model in evaluating the bioactivity of kratom leaf extracts. Overall, kratom extracts possess measurable in vitro anti-inflammatory potential, though none surpassed the standard drug. Further phytochemical identification and in vivo studies are recommended to validate these activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Muhlisa Mus, Vitryani Tandi Sole, Fajar Prasetya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation And Evaluation Of Poly Herbal Nutraceutical Gummies For Diabetes
In this study due to the Changes in human lifestyle can have a profound impact on health, leading to a range of disorders. Poor diet, insufficient exercise, smoking, and excessive drinking are associated with chronic illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and some types of cancer. Nutraceuticals, which blend nutrition with pharmaceuticals, are foods or food components that are vital in altering and sustaining normal physiological functions crucial for human health. The growth of the global nutraceutical market is primarily driven by current demographic and health trends. Nutraceuticals sourced from both plants and animals present promising opportunities for the food industry to develop innovative food products in the future. In this study, we created nutraceutical gummies designed to address diabetes. These gummies were crafted using four plants known for their antidiabetic effects: panner Doda, star fruit, noni fruit, and the insulin plant.
Copyright (c) 2025 siva sankara vara prasad inakoti, vijay kumar kola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of a Spirulina-Infused Patch for Oil Control in the T-Zone of face: A Novel Approach to Skin Care.
The objective of this research was to develop a spirulina-based patch aimed at regulating sebum production and improving skin health, specifically targeting oiliness in the T-zone region. Spirulina, a blue-green algae rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobial compounds, and sebum-regulating properties, was selected as the principal active ingredient. The experimental approach involved optimizing a patch formulation for adequate adhesion, flexibility, sustained release of active components, and enhanced oil absorption. Characterization studies were conducted to evaluate mechanical strength, surface pH, moisture retention, elasticity, and user comfort. In vitro studies confirmed the patch’s effectiveness in reducing sebum levels without causing irritation or excessive dryness. Preliminary user trials demonstrated a visible reduction in T-zone oiliness and improvements in skin texture and appearance. The developed patch offers a natural, sustainable, and user-friendly alternative to conventional oil-control products. It provides targeted delivery, minimizes the risk of skin barrier disruption, and enhances skincare efficacy. Further research will focus on long-term performance evaluation and formulation refinements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Minal Narkhede, Yatin Nachan, Sakshi Pande (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation Of a Transdermal Patch Containing Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.) Extract As An Antioxidant Agent
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an indigenous Indonesian plant known not only as a food source but also for its high antioxidant content. This study aimed to develop a transdermal patch containing C. cajan extract and evaluate its physical properties and antioxidant activity. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol and incorporated into patch formulations with varying concentrations of HPMC (10–20%) and PVP (10–20%). The optimal physical characteristics were observed in the formulation containing 20% HPMC and 10% PVP (F1). This base was then combined with the extract at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%, followed by antioxidant testing using the DPPH method. Results showed increased antioxidant activity with higher extract concentrations, with IC₅₀ values of F1: 160.87 ppm (weak), F2: 137.09 ppm (moderate), and F3: 96.17 ppm (strong). Formula 3 demonstrated the best performance, combining good physical properties with strong antioxidant activity.
Muhammad Taufiqurrahman Muhammad Taufiqurrahman
Copyright (c) 2025 mayang chairunnisa mayang chairunnisa, Abdul Rahim, M. Farm., Muhammad Taufiqurrahman Muhammad Taufiqurrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of Liquid Lipstick Containing Natural Dyes from Kepok Banana Flower Peel Extract (Musa Paradisiaca L.) and Study on Its Stability
Liquid lipstick is a decorative cosmetic preparation used to add color to the lips. This study aims to determine alternative colorants derived from natural ingredients. The peel of kepok banana flower (Musa paradisiaca L.) which contains anthocyanins can serve as a natural dye, as evidenced by the total anthocyanin content test using the differential pH method, yielding 35.958 mg/L. Three formulations were developed using varying concentrations of kepok banana flower peel extract: F1 (5%), F2 (7.5%), and F3 (10%). The formulations underwent six freeze-thaw (-21°C and 25°C) and cycling (4°C and 40°C) stability cycles, with evaluations of organoleptic properties, viscosity, pH, and spreadability after each cycle. All formulations showed good physical stability which are semi-solid texture, rose scent, homogeneity, brown color, and acceptable spreadability, viscosity, pH, and non-irritant effects. Preference testing with 30 panelists identified F2 as the most favored.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rayina Nova Dafitri, Venna Sinthary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Characteristic Test of Handbody Lotion Preparation of Pucuk Merah Leaf Extract (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) as An Antioxidant
Lotions made from natural ingredients are increasingly favored by the public, primarily due to the addition of active compounds that are functional for the skin, such as antioxidants. Antioxidants play an important role in maintaining health by improving skin texture. One potential source of natural antioxidants is the pucuk merah leaf (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.), which is known to contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to determine the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of pucuk merah leaf extract lotion with varying extract concentrations: F1 (0.5%), F2 (2.5%), and F3 (12.5%). The results showed that all formulas met the standards for a good lotion based on organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, adhesion, spreadability, and emulsion type. Formula 1 was identified as the best formulation based on its organoleptic properties, showing a better dosage form compared to the other formulas. The antioxidant activity was classified as very strong, with IC50 values for each formula being 49.609 ppm (F1), 47.202 ppm (F2), and 35.809 ppm (F3). The antioxidant activity of each formula increased with higher extract concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widiana Yudistianik, Venna Sinthary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant Test of Ethanol Extract of Purple Passion Fruit Leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims var edulis) from Tenggarong City, Kutai Kartanegara Regency
Antioxidants are compounds that have the ability to reduce free radicals. Antioxidants are obtained from secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. One of the plants that contain flavonoids is purple passion fruit leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims var edulis). This study aims to determine the percentage of yield obtained from the soklet extraction of purple passion fruit leaves using 96% ethanol solvent, and to determine the IC50 of the extract. Percent yield done by calculating the weight of extract divided by the weight of the simplisia and multiplied by one hundred percent, obtained a percent yield of 18.6% show a good yield. Antioxidant activity test using DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, calculate the IC50 value, where ascorbic acid is used as a positive control. The results of the antioxidant activity test of extract ethanol purple passion fruit leaves showed very strong activity with IC50 value of 26,37 ppm and ascorbic acid IC50 value of 6,03 ppm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chintia Carollin, Viriyanata Wijaya, Riki (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0