Active Compound Identification and Antimicrobial Activity Analysis of Green Betel Leaves (Piper betle L.) Essential Oil Against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans

Rima Erviana; Shafira Salsabila; Ajeng Tri Isna; Rifki Febriansyah; Vella Lailli Damarwati; Annisa Krisridwany; Sabtanti Harimurti

doi:10.30872/jtpc.v10i2.413

Authors

Rima Erviana Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1213-9408
Shafira Salsabila Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author
Ajeng Tri Isna Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author
Rifki Febriansyah Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author
Vella Lailli Damarwati Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author
Annisa Krisridwany Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author
Sabtanti Harimurti Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30872/jtpc.v10i2.413

Keywords:

antibacterial, antifungal, essential oil, green betel

Abstract

Long-term and excessive use of drugs in the therapeutic management of microbial infections leads to increased antimicrobial resistance. It is necessary to select therapeutic management using natural ingredients, as well as combine some natural ingredients with conventional drugs, to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Green betel leaves have a high potential as a drug, especially as an antimicrobial agent. The study identified the active compound in the green betel leaf essential oil and determined its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. The bioactive components in the oil were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial and antifungal properties of green betel leaf essential oil were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Based on the GC-MS analysis, green betel leaf essential oil contains chavicol acetate, chavibetol, eugenol acetate, α-selinene, and β-selinene. The antibacterial activity assay showed that green betel leaf essential oil could inhibit the growth of S. epidermidis at a concentration of 12,5%, while the antifungal activity showed that the zone inhibition of C albicans was formed in the concentration of 12,5%. The zone inhibition diameter of antifungal activity tests was higher than in the antibacterial activity assay. The combination of essential oils with antibiotics and antifungal agents did not show increased activity, suggesting that the combination was not synergistic.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

B. Namata Abba, A. Romane, and A. T. Ilagouma, “Antibacterial activity of Endostemon tereticaulis (Poir.) M. Ashby essential oil and ethanolic extract against resistant pathogenic bacteria,” Nat. Prod. Commun., vol. 15, no. 9, p. 1934578X20953252, 2020.

[2] T. Singh, P. Singh, V. K. Pandey, R. Singh, and A. H. Dar, “A literature review on bioactive properties of betel leaf (Piper betel L.) and its applications in food industry,” Food Chemistry Advances, vol. 3, p. 100536, 2023.

[3] Y. Widiyastuti, N. Rahmawati, and R. Mujahid, “Budidaya dan Manfaat Sirih untuk Kesehatan,” 2020, Lembaga Penerbit Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.

[4] R. Wirawan, M. Agus Wibowo, and S. Rahmayanti, “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Atsiri Kulit Jeruk Pontianak (Citrus nobilis Lour. var. microcarpa) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis,” 2018.

[5] R. N. Afriyanti, “Akne vulgaris pada remaja,” Majority, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 10–17, 2015.

[6] N. Carolia and W. Noventi, “Potensi ekstrak daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) sebagai alternatif terapi Acne vulgaris,” Jurnal Majority, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 140–145, 2016.

[7] T. Milanda, R. A. I. Chandra, and A. J. Dwipratama, “Formulasi dan Pengujian Aktivitas Antibakteri Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra L.),” Majalah Farmasetika, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 138, 2021.

[8] D. Permatasari, L. Y. Budiarti, and L. Apriasari, “EFEKTIVITAS ANTIFUNGI EKSTRAK METANOL BATANG PISANG MAULI (Musa acuminata) DAN Chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% TERHADAP Candida albicans,” 2016.

[9] J. Talapko et al., “Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection,” 2021, doi: 10.3390/jof7020079.

[10] H. Khalandi et al., “Antifungal activity of capric acid, nystatin, and fluconazole and their in vitro interactions against Candida isolates from neonatal oral thrush,” Assay Drug Dev. Technol., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 195–201, 2020.

[11] C. Tsui, E. F. Kong, and M. A. Jabra-Rizk, “Pathogenesis of Candida albicans biofilm,” Jun. 01, 2016. doi: 10.1093/femspd/ftw018.

[12] M. A. Salam et al., “Antimicrobial resistance: a growing serious threat for global public health,” in Healthcare, MDPI, 2023, p. 1946.

[13] E. J. Astuti, S. A. Basuki, A. Sabrian, and F. Fajriyah, “Steam and Water Distillation of Piper Betle, Ocimum Basilicum, Cymbopogon Winterianus, and Citrus Hystrix Leaves for Activity of Insect Repellent against Mosquito,” in Health Science International Conference (HSIC 2017), Atlantis Press, 2017, pp. 240–246.

[14] W. R. Otto, M. C. Arendrup, and B. T. Fisher, “A Practical Guide to Antifungal Susceptibility Testing,” Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 214–221, 2023, doi: 10.1093/jpids/piad014.

[15] J. Hudzicki, “Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test protocol,” American society for microbiology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 2009.

[16] E. Rosenberg, B. Klampfl, and R. D. Müller, “Perspective Chapter: Negative Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography,” in Novel Aspects of Gas Chromatography and Chemometrics, IntechOpen, 2023.

[17] B. K. Behera, Techniques for Downstream Process for Biologic Drugs and Vaccines. Elsevier, 2023.

[18] T. P. Vo et al., “Ultrasonic-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction of phenolics and terpenoids from abelmoschus sagittifolius (kurz) merr roots using natural deep eutectic solvents,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 32, pp. 29704–29716, 2023.

[19] N. I. Azahar, N. M. Mokhtar, and M. A. Arifin, “Piper betle: a review on its bioactive compounds, pharmacological properties, and extraction process,” in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing Ltd, Dec. 2020. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/991/1/012044.

[20] H. Sujono, S. Rizal, S. Purbaya, and J. Jasmansyah, “Uji aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri daun sirih hijau (Piper Betle L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes dan Staphylococcus aureus,” Jurnal Kartika Kimia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2019.

[21] M. K. Dewi, E. Ratnasari, and G. Trimulyono, “Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun Majapahit (Crescentia cujete) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum penyebab penyakit layu,” LenteraBio, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51–57, 2014.

[22] C. D. de M. Oliveira-Tintino et al., “Valencene, nootkatone and their liposomal nanoformulations as potential inhibitors of NorA, Tet (K), MsrA, and MepA efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus strains,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 2400, 2023.

[23] M. AlMatar, O. Albarri, E. A. Makky, and F. Köksal, “Efflux pump inhibitors: new updates,” Pharmacological Reports, vol. 73, pp. 1–16, 2021.

[24] C. D. de M. Oliveira-Tintino et al., “Valencene, Nootkatone and Their Liposomal Nanoformulations as Potential Inhibitors of NorA, Tet (K), MsrA, and MepA Efflux Pumps in Staphylococcus aureus Strains,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 2400, 2023.

[25] A. A. Noorshilawati, A. H. B. N. Asyiqin, A. N. Suraya, and H. Aiza, “Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Piper betle leaf extracts against pathogen of soft rot disease,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing, 2023, p. 012049.

[26] E. dos S. Niculau et al., “Isolation of chavibetol and methyleugenol from essential oil of Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus by high performance liquid chromatography,” Molecules, vol. 23, no. 11, p. 2909, 2018.

[27] P. T. McKeny, T. A. Nessel, and P. M. Zito, “Antifungal antibiotics,” 2019.

[28] D. U. R. Aisy, R. Adawiyah, A. Rozaliyani, A. Estuningtyas, and F. Fadilah, “The Antifungal Activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Alpinia purpurata Extracts Against Candida krusei: Bioactivity Tests, Molecular Modeling, and Toxicity Tests,” Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., vol. 24, no. 10, p. 3403, 2023.

[29] K. S. Musthafa, J. Hmoteh, B. Thamjarungwong, and S. P. Voravuthikunchai, “Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species,” Microb. Pathog., vol. 99, pp. 19–29, 2016.

[30] W. W. Davis and T. R. Stout, “Disc plate method of microbiological antibiotic assay: I. Factors influencing variability and error,” Appl. Microbiol., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 659–665, 1971.

[31] K. K. Singhal, M. D. Mukim, C. K. Dubey, and J. C. Nagar, “An updated review on pharmacology and toxicities related to chloramphenicol,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 104–109, 2020.

[32] N. Sakinah, R. Tita, and S. Edy, “Kajian Interaksi Berbagai Kombinasi Minyak Atsiri Terhadap Mikroorganisme Perusak Pangan: Studi Kepustakaan,” J. Sains dan Teknologi Pangan, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 4180–4191, 2021.

[33] R. Kaypetch and S. Thaweboon, “Antifungal Property of Piper betle Leaf Oil against Oral Candida Species,” in MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, Dec. 2018. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201824201021.