Association of Body Mass Index and Paresthesia Symptoms with the Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Ardhito Medika Clinic, Bandar Lampung, 2025

Vio Salsabila; Festy Ladyani Mustofa; Muhammad Hatta; Raden Ayu Neilan Amroisa

doi:10.30872/jtpc.v10i2.418

Authors

Vio Salsabila Program Studi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Author
Festy Ladyani Mustofa Program Studi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati Author
Muhammad Hatta Program Studi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Malahayati, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia Author
Raden Ayu Neilan Amroisa Departement Neurologi, Rumah Sakit Bintang Amin Bandar Lampung Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30872/jtpc.v10i2.418

Keywords:

type 2 diabetes mellitus , body mass index, paresthesia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetes duration

Abstract

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with prolonged hyperglycemia and obesity recognized as major contributing factors. However, evidence regarding the relationship between body mass index (BMI), paresthesia, and diabetes duration among Indonesian patients remains limited. This study aimed to determine the association between BMI, paresthesia symptoms, and the duration of T2DM at Ardhito Medika Clinic, Bandar Lampung. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from electronic medical records of 62 patients with T2DM, including 31 patients with paresthesia and 31 without paresthesia. BMI was categorized as normal or overweight according to the WHO Asian classification, while diabetes duration was classified as ≤6 months or >6 months. Associations were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Paresthesia was significantly associated with diabetes duration (p < 0.001; OR = 4.145; 95% CI: 2.322–7.400). BMI was also significantly associated with diabetes duration (p = 0.020; OR = 3.500; 95% CI: 1.190–10.293). Longer diabetes duration was associated with paresthesia, whereas overweight BMI was associated with prolonged diabetes duration, highlighting the importance of early weight management and routine neuropathy screening.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] K. H. Ong et al., “Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,” The Lancet, vol. 402, no. 10397, pp. 203–234, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6.

[2] D. Tomic, J. E. Shaw, and D. J. Magliano, “The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus,” Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 525–539, 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41574-022-00690-7.

[3] S. Safiri et al., “Prevalence, Deaths and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) Due to Type 2 Diabetes and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 13, Art. no. 838027, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.838027.

[4] X. Huang, Y. Wu, Y. Ni, H. Xu, and Y. He, “Global, regional, and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused by high BMI from 1990 to 2021, and forecasts to 2045: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021,” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 13, Art. no. 1515797, 2025, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1515797.

[5] X. Lin and H. Li, “Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 12, Art. no. 706978, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.706978.

[6] B. Wu, Z. Niu, and F. Hu, “Study on Risk Factors of Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Establishment of Prediction Model,” Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 526–538, 2021, doi: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0100.

[7] J. Zhu et al., “Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Treatment,” Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 14, Art. no. 1265372, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1265372.

[8] M. A. Elafros et al., “Towards Prevention of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis, and New Treatments,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 922–936, 2022, doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00188-0.

[9] W. Wang et al., “Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in China,” Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, vol. 39, no. 8, e3702, 2023, doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3702.

[10] M. G. Savelieff et al., “The Global and Regional Burden of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy,” Nature Reviews Neurology, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 17–31, 2025, doi: 10.1038/s41582-024-01041-y.

[11] M.-X. Xiao, C. Lu, N. Ta, H. Wei, B. Haryadi, and H.-T. Wu, “Machine Learning Prediction of Future Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetics With Percussion Entropy and Body Mass Indices,” Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1480–1492, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.08.001.

[12] D. N. Hukportie et al., “Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of the ACCORD Trial,” Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 767–780, 2022, doi: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0258.

[13] S. Fadlilah, V. Amelia, C. P. Tuppal, H. Chang, C.-W. Chang, C.-L. Lin, and H.-J. Tsai, “Significant Impacts of the Body-Mass Index, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose, and Ankle-Brachial Index on Peripheral Neuropathy Risk in Indonesians With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study,” Biological Research for Nursing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 558–569, 2025, doi: 10.1177/10998004251336795.

[14] F. Mao et al., "Age as an Independent Risk Factor for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes," Aging and Disease, 2019, doi:10.14336/AD.2018.0618.

[15] S. Popescu et al., "Age as an Independent Factor for the Development of Neuropathy in Diabetic Patients," Clinical Interventions in Aging, 2016, doi:10.2147/CIA.S97295.

[16] M. Mawaddah, S. Susmiati, and D. P. Lenggogeni, "Gambaran Karakteristik Pasien Dengan Neuropati Diabetik Pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2," Real in Nursing Journal, 2022, doi:10.32883/rnj.v5i3.2085.

[17] A. Nistiandani, L. Sulistyorini, M. F. Rozsy, and N. Fauziah, "Characteristic of Demographic Neuropathy Diabetic Peripheral in the Agriculture Area," 2020, doi:10.21927/jnki.2019.7(3).192-202.

[18] Irwansyah, C. Husna, and Darmawati, "Predicting Sociodemographic Factors with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients," IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2025, doi:10.9790/1959-1404011317.

[19] S. V. C. Johnson et al., "Diabetic Neuropathy in Older Adults: Pathophysiological and Clinical Approach," Global Journal of Obesity Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, 2025, doi:10.17352/2455-8583.000067.

[20] A. Astuti, D. Merdekawati, D. Octavia, and I. Sari, "Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus," The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 2023, doi:10.31674/mjn.2023.v14i04.006.

[21] N. Aktifah, F. Faradisi, and D. Fijianto, "Increased Diabetic Neuropathy Scores and Their Relationship with Body Mass Index," Urecol Journal Part C: Health Sciences, 2022, doi:10.53017/ujhs.133.

[22] I. H. Munandar, "The Relationship Between the Duration of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Neuropathy in the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of Linggajati General Hospital," Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024, doi:10.57096/blantika.v2i8.179.

[23] N. Sabari, P. A. Mellow, and F. V. Malonda, "The Association of Duration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with the Prevalence of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy," Journal of Widya Medika Junior, 2022, doi:10.33508/jwmj.v4i2.3797.

[24] R. Aghniya, K. S. S. Fis, and M. Fis, "Hubungan Lamanya Menderita Diabetes Melitus Dengan Terjadinya Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Grha Diabetika Surakarta," 2017.

[25] D. Karki, A. Nagila, N. Dhakal, and S. B. B. Chhetri, "Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association with Therapy, Ethnicity and Duration of Diabetes Mellitus," Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, 2018, doi:10.3126/AJMS.V10I1.21743.

[26] T. Akter, Q. Akhter, Z. A. Polly, and S. Debsarma, "Risk Factors for Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus," Ibrahim Medical College Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, 2020, doi:10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45285.

[27] S. Chew, S. D. Avinashi, B. C. Tai, and K. Venkataraman, "Role of Social Determinants, Lifestyle and Clinical Factors in the Development of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Among a Multiethnic Asian Population in Singapore: A Retrospective Analysis," BMJ Public Health, vol. 4, 2026, doi:10.1136/bmjph-2025-004143.

[28] W. Zhong, W. Zhang, M. Yang, et al., "Impact of Diabetes Mellitus Duration on Effect of Lower Extremity Nerve Decompression in 1,526 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Patients," Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 156, no. 7, pp. 1329–1337, 2014, doi:10.1007/s00701-014-2087-8.

[29] I. Mazhar, S. Murtaza, and M. Khan, "Risk Factors and Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy Among Patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus," 2020.

[30] M. Tomić, T. Poljičanin, I. Pavlić-Renar, and Ž. Metelko, "Obesity—A Risk Factor for Microvascular and Neuropathic Complications in Diabetes?," Diabetologia Croatica, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 73–78, 2004.

[31] S. Ubaid, M. Osama, U. Ullah, et al., "Evaluating Abdominal Obesity and BMI as Risk Factors for Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study," Cureus, vol. 17, no. 5, Art. no. e92085, 2025, doi: 10.7759/cureus.92085.

[32] Z. P. Nurhaliza, N. Acang, L. Hanum, and Siswanti, "Karakteristik Pasien Diabetik Polineuropati di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah di Jawa Barat," Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science, vol. 6, no. 1, 2026, doi: 10.29313/bcsms.v6i1.22130.

[33] C. R. Ong, "Characteristic of Chronic Complications in Type 2 Diabetic Patient Based on Asian Perspective," Current Internal Medicine Research and Practice Surabaya Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2022, doi: 10.20473/cimrj.v3i1.31412.

[34] M. Jaya, D. Swastini, B. L. Nopitasari, and P. R. Veryanti, "A Case-Control Study on Risk Factors Affected Peripheral Neuropathic Complication in Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus," Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 3824–3828, 2021, doi: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00700.

[35] H. Baxi, A. Habib, M. Hussain, et al., "Prevalence of Peripheral Neuropathy and Associated Pain in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Study," Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1011–1017, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s40200-020-00597-y.

[36] O. N. Rai, V. Mishra, R. Chandra, et al., "Study of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy in a Tertiary Hospital," Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 418–423, 2016, doi: 10.14260/JEMDS/2016/127.