Nutrition and Neuroprotection in Aging: A Review of Omega-3, Flavonoids, B-Vitamins, MCT Oil, and Ketogenic Protocols for Dementia Prevention

Ignatius Danny Pattirajawane

doi:10.30872/jtpc.v9i2.309

Authors

Ignatius Danny Pattirajawane Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta Indonesia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30872/jtpc.v9i2.309

Keywords:

dementia prevention, omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids, B-vitamins, ketogenic diet

Abstract

Population aging has led to a global increase in dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Diet is a key modifiable factor with growing potential for neuroprotection. This review synthesizes mechanistic, epidemiological, and clinical evidence on five nutritional strategies relevant to dementia prevention: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), flavonoids, B-vitamins, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, and ketogenic approaches. A narrative review with systematic search elements was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, prioritizing meta-analyses, large prospective cohorts, and randomized controlled trials involving older adults, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Evidence indicates that higher intake or status of omega-3 PUFAs and flavonoid-rich foods is associated with reduced dementia risk and modest cognitive benefits, particularly in midlife or prodromal stages. B-vitamin supplementation may slow brain atrophy and cognitive decline in individuals with elevated homocysteine, while effects are limited in unselected populations. MCT oil and ketogenic interventions improve cognition by providing alternative brain energy substrates, with greater benefits observed in MCI and APOE ε4 non-carriers. Overall, a multi-target nutritional approach addressing neuroinflammation, vascular health, homocysteine metabolism, and brain energy deficits shows promise for dementia prevention. Future research should emphasize biomarker-guided personalization and integration with broader lifestyle interventions.

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